1. Before leaving the cab for a rest break, after parking and switching off the machine, what final action must be carried out?
Before leaving the cab of a tracked loading shovel for a rest break, after parking and switching off the machine, the final action that must be carried out is to engage the parking brake. This helps ensure that the machine remains stationary and does not inadvertently move while unattended.
2. a) What are the functions of 'grousers' or 'cleats' as found on track pads and b) what is the result if they are excessively worn?
The functions of grousers or cleats on track pads are to provide traction and grip. They help the tracked loading shovel move efficiently on various surfaces and terrains, such as muddy or uneven ground.
If grousers or cleats become excessively worn, the grip and traction of the tracked loading shovel will diminish. This can result in reduced performance, difficulty in maneuvering, and potentially hazardous operating conditions. It is important to regularly inspect and replace worn grousers or cleats to maintain optimal performance and safety.
3. a) What are the purposes of the track guards and b) where would it/they be located?
a) The purposes of track guards on a tracked loading shovel are to protect the tracks from damage caused by debris, rocks, or obstacles, and to prevent material from getting stuck between the tracks and causing operational issues.
b) Track guards are usually located on the outer sides of the track assembly. They are positioned along the tracks to provide continuous protection to the tracks and minimize the risk of damage during operation.
4. a) What determines the minimum distances that any part of plant and machinery has to be kept from over head electricity lines and b) explain why a distance should be kept.
a) The minimum distances that plant and machinery, such as a tracked loading shovel, must be kept from overhead electricity lines are determined by regulations and industry standards. These standards take into consideration factors such as voltage and the potential for electric shock or arc flash.
b) Keeping a minimum distance from overhead electricity lines is crucial to ensure safety. It helps to prevent contact with live conductors, reducing the risk of electric shock and arc flash. These incidents can have severe consequences, including injury or even death. By maintaining a safe distance, operators and workers can protect themselves and avoid accidents that could damage both machinery and infrastructure.
5. If setting up to work near a pedestrianised area, state THREE factors that need to be taken into account.
When working near a pedestrianised area with a tracked loading shovel, three important factors to consider are:
1. Safety: Ensure that appropriate safety measures are in place to protect pedestrians. This may include physical barriers, warning signs, and designated walkways.
2. Noise: Minimize noise levels to prevent disturbance to pedestrians. Consider using equipment with low noise emissions, or implement noise reduction measures such as acoustic barriers.
3. Dust and pollution: Take measures to control dust and air pollution generated by the equipment. This may involve using dust suppression methods or working with environmentally friendly equipment.
Always consult relevant regulations and guidelines to ensure compliance.
6. a) What is the purpose of a Method Statement and b) what is required of the operator?
a) The purpose of a Method Statement is to outline how a specific task will be completed, addressing potential hazards, control measures, and sequence of activities.
b) The operator of a Tracked Loading Shovel is required to be competent in its operation, trained on safe use, and possess relevant qualifications. They should follow the Method Statement provided, adhere to safety guidelines, perform regular maintenance checks, and ensure the equipment is used in a safe and controlled manner.
7. Name THREE conditions that mirrors on the machine must be in.
Mirrors on a tracked loading shovel must be in three conditions: clean, adjusted correctly, and secure. Clean mirrors ensure clear visibility for the operator, allowing them to monitor the surrounding area and work safely. Mirrors should be regularly checked and adjusted correctly to provide accurate reflections. Proper adjustment helps eliminate blind spots and enhances the operator's field of vision. Secure mirrors are essential to prevent them from coming loose or falling off during operation, reducing the risk of accidents or damage to the machine or surrounding property.
8. Tracked loading shovels are normally equipped with a clamshell bucket. Name FOUR functions of this type of bucket.
Four functions of a clamshell bucket on a tracked loading shovel include:
1. Excavating and scooping materials, such as soil or rocks.
2. Transporting and loading the excavated materials into trucks or hoppers.
3. Sorting and segregating materials by size or type.
4. Performing lifting and positioning tasks, such as placing materials in specific locations.
9. If fitted, describe ONE application when the hand throttle can safely be used.
The hand throttle on a tracked loading shovel can be safely used when there is a need for the machine to maintain a consistent engine speed for an extended period of time, such as when working on a level surface and loading materials into a truck or a hopper. The hand throttle allows the operator to set the desired engine speed without having to constantly press on the accelerator pedal, increasing convenience and reducing fatigue. However, it is important to note that the hand throttle should only be used in appropriate situations and with caution, considering factors like site conditions and safety requirements.
10. In what situation does a hard hat NOT need to be worn when operating a loading shovel?
A hard hat should always be worn when operating a loading shovel, as it provides necessary protection against potential hazards, such as falling objects or head injuries. There is no situation in which a hard hat can be completely omitted, as safety should always be a top priority on construction sites.
11. What is regarded as the most productive position for the dump truck to be in when being loaded by a loading shovel working from a stockpile?
The dump truck should be positioned directly in front of the loading shovel, ensuring optimal loading efficiency. This minimizes the time and distance required for the loading process and maximizes productivity.
12. Why are plant operators generally regarded as 'safety-critical' workers?
Plant operators in the construction industry are generally regarded as 'safety-critical' workers because they operate heavy machinery and equipment, such as tracked loading shovels, that can present significant hazards if not operated properly. Their actions directly impact the safety of themselves and others on the construction site. Any mistakes or negligence in operating the machinery can lead to accidents, injuries, and even fatalities. Therefore, it is crucial that plant operators are highly skilled, trained, and adhere to strict safety protocols to ensure the safe operation of the equipment and mitigate any potential risks.
13. When working in a confined area or space, name THREE hazards that can occur.
Three hazards that can occur when operating a tracked loading shovel in a confined area or space are:
1. Risk of collisions with objects or structures due to limited maneuverability.
2. Possibility of getting stuck, tipping, or overturning due to restricted visibility or uneven ground.
3. Increased risk of injury to personnel working nearby due to limited space for movement and potential for being struck by the machine or its attachments.
14. If the operator has to top-up the hydraulic oil, state TWO precautions to ensure cleanliness of the system.
The two precautions to ensure cleanliness of the hydraulic system when topping up the hydraulic oil in a tracked loading shovel are:
1. Use a clean funnel or hose when pouring the hydraulic oil into the system to prevent contamination from dirt or debris.
2. Ensure that the hydraulic oil container and surrounding areas are clean and free from dirt, dust, and other contaminants before opening the system for topping up the oil.
15. If a load has to be tipped on a slope, what may happen if the load is tipped downhill and why?
If a load is tipped downhill on a slope, it may cause the tracked loading shovel to lose balance and potentially tip over. This is because the force from the tipping load can shift the center of gravity of the machine, making it unstable. This could result in accidents, damage to the machine, and potential harm to operators or nearby workers. It is important to consider the slope gradient, load weight, and operation procedures to ensure safe tipping practices on slopes.
16. What is the purpose of a risk assessment?
The purpose of a risk assessment is to identify potential hazards and evaluate associated risks in order to determine appropriate control measures. It helps ensure the safety and health of workers by identifying and prioritizing risks, and implementing measures to mitigate them. By identifying and assessing risks, employers can take steps to eliminate or reduce those risks, making the workplace safer. Additionally, risk assessments ensure legal compliance with health and safety regulations, and enable employers to effectively communicate and manage risks to employees and other stakeholders. Overall, risk assessments are essential in preventing accidents and promoting a safer working environment.
17. If the operator has loaded the machine onto a transporter/trailer on behalf of a driver, what checks must be carried out before they leave the cab?
Before leaving the cab, the operator of the tracked loading shovel should ensure several important checks are carried out. These include ensuring that the machine is securely strapped or chained to the transporter/trailer, that all access points and doors on the machine are closed and locked, that any loose debris or materials are removed from the machine's bucket, and that the machine's controls are in the correct neutral position. Additionally, the operator should confirm that all relevant safety devices, such as lights and reflective markings, are operational.
18. How are loading shovel bucket sizes calculated?
Loading shovel bucket sizes are typically calculated based on their capacity, which is measured in cubic yards or cubic meters. The capacity of a bucket is determined by its dimensions, such as the length, width, and height. These dimensions are used to calculate the volume of the bucket. For example, a bucket with dimensions of 2 meters long, 1 meter wide, and 1 meter high would have a capacity of 2 cubic meters. Other factors that can affect bucket size include the type of material being moved and the machine's lifting capacity.
19. If checking the oil level using a dipstick, why must gloves be worn?
Gloves must be worn when checking the oil level using a dipstick on a tracked loading shovel to protect your hands from coming into contact with hot or potentially harmful components. It's a safety precaution to prevent burns or exposure to chemicals that may be present in the oil. Always prioritize personal safety when working with heavy machinery.
20. Using the Operator's Manual, state the figure for setting track tension. Note: The Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
The figure for setting track tension can be found in the Operator's Manual for the machine. It is important that the candidate has the Operator's Manual available for reference during the test.
21. The operator has to use a new type of tracked loader that they are unfamiliar with. What do Regulations (i.e. PUWER 98) and other guidance require the operator to have?
Regulations such as PUWER 98 require operators of tracked loading shovels to have appropriate training and instruction. This ensures they have the necessary knowledge and skills to safely operate the equipment. Additional guidance may specify specific qualifications or competencies required for operating tracked loaders. It is important that the operator receives proper training and supervision to minimize the risk of accidents and promote safe operation.
22. Many loading shovels have a turbo-charged engine. a) What is the normal procedure before switching off the engine after working and b) what happens if the procedure is not followed?
a) The normal procedure before switching off the engine on a tracked loading shovel is to let the engine idle for a few minutes to allow it to cool down. This helps prevent damage to the turbocharger and other components.
b) If the procedure is not followed and the engine is switched off immediately after working, the turbocharger can overheat. This can result in reduced performance, premature wear and tear, and potential damage to the turbocharger and other engine components. It is important to follow proper cooling down procedures to ensure the longevity and proper functioning of the loading shovel.
23. Name THREE ways that a plant operator can contribute in ensuring repeat business with the client or principal contractor.
1. Maintaining high standards of professionalism and reliability by consistently arriving on time and completing tasks efficiently.
2. Actively engaging with the client or principal contractor, seeking feedback and responding promptly to any concerns or issues.
3. Demonstrating a proactive approach to health and safety by adhering to all relevant regulations and ensuring the safe operation and maintenance of the tracked loading shovel.
24. Before manually changing any bucket: a) Where should the bucket be positioned (in relation to the ground) before removing the final pin and b) explain why?
The bucket should be positioned on the ground before removing the final pin. This ensures stability and prevents the bucket from tipping or creating a safety hazard. By having the bucket on the ground, its weight is distributed evenly, making it easier to remove the final pin safely. Additionally, having the bucket on the ground reduces the risk of injuring yourself or others during the pin removal process. It is important to prioritize safety when operating heavy machinery.
25. Give TWO reasons why the loading shovel operator should have an understanding of the type of material being loaded.
The operator of a tracked loading shovel should have an understanding of the type of material being loaded for two reasons:
1. Efficiency: Knowing the characteristics of the material allows the operator to utilize the appropriate techniques and attachments for faster and more effective loading. This improves productivity and reduces downtime.
2. Safety: Different materials have distinct properties, such as weight, viscosity, and stability. Understanding these properties helps the operator load the material safely, preventing accidents or damage to equipment and infrastructure.
In summary, knowledge of the material being loaded improves efficiency and safety for the operator of a tracked loading shovel.
26. Apart from the operator, who else may need to use the machine's Operator's Manual?
In addition to the operator, other individuals who may need to refer to the machine's Operator's Manual include maintenance technicians, supervisors, and safety personnel.
27. During work, the engine starts to overheat. Explain the danger if someone tries to remove the radiator or expansion tank cap.
Removing the radiator or expansion tank cap on a tracked loading shovel while the engine is overheating is dangerous due to the risk of scalding burns from the hot coolant. The high pressure can cause the hot coolant to forcefully spray out, potentially causing serious injuries. It is important to let the engine cool down before attempting any maintenance on the cooling system to avoid such risks.
28. Using the Operator's Manual, state the cold-starting procedure for the machine. Note: The Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
To cold-start a tracked loading shovel, refer to the Operator's Manual for the specific machine being used. The manual will provide detailed instructions on the cold-starting procedure, which may vary depending on the make and model of the machine. It is essential to have the Operator's Manual readily available to ensure accurate and safe starting of the machine.
29. State TWO requirements of using a stop block or earth bank (berm) at a trench discharging point.
Using a stop block or earth bank (berm) at a trench discharging point serves two main purposes. Firstly, it prevents the tracked loading shovel from accidentally tipping into the trench during loading operations, enhancing safety. Secondly, it provides stability for the loading shovel while it is engaged in loading activities, reducing the risk of accidents or damage. By effectively confining the loading area and ensuring a secure position for the machine, these measures help to minimize potential hazards and maintain a controlled work environment.
30. What are the possible outcomes of facing prosecution for not complying with legislation and regulations?
Possible outcomes of facing prosecution for non-compliance with legislation and regulations include fines, legal penalties, imprisonment, damage to reputation, and difficulty securing future contracts. It is crucial to maintain compliance to avoid these consequences.
31. Why should a loading shovel be re-fuelled at the end of the day?
Refuelling a loading shovel at the end of the day ensures it is ready for immediate use the next day. It eliminates the risk of delays caused by an empty fuel tank which would require refuelling before work can begin. Additionally, it helps to maintain the machine's optimal performance by preventing fuel-related issues such as fuel line clogs or fuel contamination. Regular refuelling also reduces the chances of fuel evaporation, which can cause damage to the machine's fuel system. Overall, refuelling at the end of the day enhances efficiency and extends the lifespan of the loading shovel.
32. a) Give ONE advantage and b) TWO disadvantages of rear-mounted cameras.
a) Advantage of rear-mounted cameras for tracked loading shovels is improved visibility, making it easier for operators to see what's happening behind the machine.
b) Disadvantages of rear-mounted cameras for tracked loading shovels include potential risk of damage to the camera due to debris or impact, and limitations in low light or adverse weather conditions affecting camera visibility.
33. Where should the loading shovel's Operator's Manual be kept and why?
The Operator's Manual for a tracked loading shovel should be kept in a secure location within easy reach of the operator. This ensures that the manual is readily accessible for reference during operation, helping the operator understand and follow the correct procedures and safety guidelines. Storing the manual in a designated location also reduces the risk of it being lost or damaged, ensuring that it remains an invaluable resource for the operator's ongoing training and consultation.
34. Give TWO examples of where The Work at Height Regulations 1995 may apply to loading shovel operations.
The Work at Height Regulations 1995 may apply to loading shovel operations when working on elevated platforms or when working at the edge of excavations.
35. Describe TWO actions to be taken for an open trench at the end of a working day.
At the end of a working day, two actions that should be taken for an open trench are as follows:
1. Secure the area: Erect appropriate barriers or signage to prevent unauthorized access and ensure the safety of personnel and the public. This should be done in compliance with health and safety regulations.
2. Cover the trench: Use suitable materials, such as steel plates or timber, to cover the trench securely. This prevents accidental falls or injuries and also protects against potential damage to the trench if left uncovered overnight.
Remember to always follow industry best practices and relevant health and safety guidelines.
36. When backfilling trenches by pushing spoil toward the trench, why should the bucket start to be emptied/raised before reaching the trench?
Emptying/raising the bucket before reaching the trench while backfilling trenches with a tracked loading shovel helps to ensure an efficient and effective process. By starting to empty/raise the bucket ahead of the trench, it prevents the spoil from being deposited in one place, creating an uneven distribution. It allows for a more even spread of the spoil along the trench, maximizing the compaction and reducing the need for additional work or rework. Additionally, it helps to maintain proper control and maneuverability of the machine, avoiding potential damage or hazards.
37. List SIX typical subject areas that should be covered in a site induction.
The six typical subject areas that should be covered in a site induction for a tracked loading shovel are:
1. Health and safety procedures, including PPE requirements and emergency protocols;
2. Specific operating instructions and safe use of the equipment;
3. Site rules and regulations, such as speed limits and restricted areas;
4. Environmental considerations, like waste disposal and protection of natural habitats;
5. Communication channels and protocols, including radio usage and reporting procedures; and
6. Any specific site hazards or risks, such as uneven terrain or underground services.
38. What is the purpose of a roll or ROPS frame?
The purpose of a roll or ROPS (Roll Over Protective Structure) frame is to provide protection to the operator in case of a rollover accident. It is a sturdy framework that is designed to prevent the operator from being crushed in the event of a machine rollover. The ROPS frame acts as a protective cage, absorbing some of the impact and creating a safe space for the operator. It is an important safety feature for tracked loading shovels and other heavy machinery, reducing the risk of serious injury or death in rollover incidents.
39. What does The Health and Safety at Work Act require employers to do with regards specifically to plant?
The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to ensure that plant machinery, including tracked loading shovels, is safe for use. This includes regular maintenance, inspections, and risk assessments to identify any hazards. Employers must also provide adequate training and supervision for operators and provide them with the necessary personal protective equipment. In addition, the Act requires employers to have proper procedures in place for reporting accidents, incidents, and near misses involving plant machinery. Compliance with manufacturer's instructions and industry best practices is also expected.
40. Whenever possible, who should decide the positioning of the dump truck when being loaded?
Ideally, the decision on the positioning of the dump truck when being loaded with a tracked loading shovel should be made by an experienced operator who is familiar with the equipment and the site conditions. The operator should consider factors such as the stability of the ground, the reach and height of the loading shovel, and the capacity and maneuverability of the dump truck. Effective communication between the loader operator and the dump truck driver is vital to ensure safe and efficient loading operations.
41. What is the definition of, or how can a hazard be described?
A hazard refers to any potential source of harm or danger in a workplace or environment. It could be an object, substance, condition, or activity that has the potential to cause harm, injury, or adverse effects on people, property, or the environment. In the context of a tracked loading shovel, hazards may include moving parts, pinch points, entrapment, collisions, and falling objects. Identifying and addressing these hazards is crucial to ensuring the safety of operators and others in the vicinity.
42. Why is it poor practice to reverse the loader at high speed?
Reversing a tracked loading shovel at high speed is poor practice because it increases the risk of accidents and damage. The traction and stability of tracked vehicles are significantly reduced when moving in reverse, especially at higher speeds. This can lead to loss of control, increased braking distances, and potential damage to the loader, surrounding structures, and the ground. Slow, controlled reversing is safer and reduces the likelihood of accidents or mishaps.
43. Who should determine the maximum load that should be placed into the body of the dump truck?
The maximum load that should be placed into the body of the dump truck should be determined by the manufacturer's guidelines and the specifications provided by the truck's design. It is important to follow these guidelines to ensure safe operation and to avoid overloading the vehicle, which can lead to accidents and damage. Consulting the manufacturer's instructions is recommended.
44. Why are most tracked loading shovels rear-engined?
Most tracked loading shovels are rear-engined because it provides better weight distribution for improved stability and traction. Rear-mounted engines distribute the weight towards the back, enhancing the machine's ability to lift heavy loads. It also helps with maintaining a low center of gravity, reducing the risk of tipping over. Additionally, the rear engine location allows for better visibility from the operator's cabin, as there is no engine obstructing the view. Rear-engined design is a common configuration in tracked loading shovels due to its effectiveness in optimizing performance and safety.
45. Why should different materials be segregated during excavating?
Different materials should be segregated during excavating to ensure proper disposal and recycling. Segregating materials allows for efficient sorting of waste, which is necessary for complying with waste management regulations and minimizing environmental impact. It also aids in recycling efforts, as materials like concrete, metal, and wood can be sorted and processed accordingly. Additionally, segregating materials reduces the risk of contamination between different types of substances, preventing potential hazards and ensuring the safety of workers and the environment. Overall, proper segregation during excavating helps optimize waste management and encourages sustainable practices in the construction industry.
46. How can tracks be prevented from becoming frozen to the ground during cold weather?
To prevent tracks of a loading shovel from becoming frozen to the ground during cold weather, ensure regular maintenance to keep the tracks clean and free from debris. Apply a rust inhibitor on the tracks to reduce the chance of them freezing. Use anti-icing or de-icing agents on the ground before operating the loading shovel. If the freezing is severe, consider using track heaters or portable heating mats to thaw the tracks before use. Additionally, operating the loading shovel on compacted snow or placing rubber mats under the tracks can provide some insulation and prevent freezing.
47. Give THREE possible reasons why loading shovels should not stray off the designated travel routes.
1. Safety: Straying off designated travel routes can increase the risk of accidents. These routes are designed to ensure proper visibility, minimize conflict with other machinery or workers, and avoid obstacles or unstable ground. Deviating from them increases the chance of collisions, tip-overs, or getting stuck in uneven terrain.
2. Environmental impact: Travel routes are typically established considering environmental factors such as protected habitats, vegetation, or watercourses. Straying off these routes can damage the ecosystem, disturb wildlife, or cause soil erosion, negatively impacting the environment.
3. Efficiency and productivity: Loading shovels are optimized for specific routes, allowing them to follow a predictable workflow while avoiding unnecessary detours. Straying off designated routes can result in inefficient movement, wasted time, and increased fuel consumption, impacting overall productivity at the construction site.
48. What factors determine the shoring requirements of a trench?
The key factors that determine the shoring requirements of a trench include the soil type, depth of the trench, water table level, and nearby structures. The soil type dictates the stability and risk of collapse, with cohesive soils like clay requiring more support. The depth of the trench affects the pressure exerted on the walls, requiring greater support as depth increases. The water table level influences soil saturation and is crucial in determining the need for dewatering. Nearby structures pose risks of settlement or undermining, necessitating appropriate shoring. Overall, these factors determine the shoring method and equipment required for trench safety.
49. The operator has been asked to drive the machine onto a transporter/trailer. a) Who is responsible for the loading operations and b) state FOUR actions to be considered by the operator before loading commences?
a) The operator is typically responsible for the loading operations of a tracked loading shovel onto a transporter/trailer.
b) Four actions for the operator to consider before loading commences are:
1. Ensure the transporter/trailer is stable and suitable for the machine's weight.
2. Check that the loading area has sufficient space and proper clearance for safe loading.
3. Inspect the loading ramps or access points for any damage or obstructions that may impede safe loading.
4. Verify that the machine's attachments are secured and that the machine is in a stable position before attempting to drive onto the transporter/trailer.
50. When working in a confined area or space: a) what danger can be present with regards to the counterweight of the machine, b) what is the recommended minimum distance and c) what measures must be implemented if the gap is less?
a) The counterweight of a tracked loading shovel can pose a danger in confined areas by potentially causing strikes or collisions with objects or structures.
b) The recommended minimum distance, as per industry guidelines, is typically dependent on the size and weight of the machine and should be established by a competent person.
c) If the gap between the counterweight and objects or structures is less than the recommended minimum distance, additional protective measures must be implemented, such as using barriers, spotters, or alternative equipment to mitigate the risk of accidents or damage. A qualified professional should assess and advise on the specific measures required.
51. How can a qualification or card benefit a plant operator?
Obtaining a qualification or card can benefit a plant operator by enhancing their skills, knowledge, and credibility in the industry. It provides recognition of their competence, potentially increasing employment opportunities and earning potential. Employers often require operators to have specific qualifications or cards before they can operate certain machinery, ensuring compliance with health and safety regulations. Having a qualification or card also demonstrates a commitment to professional development, which can lead to career progression. Overall, it improves a plant operator's employability and gives them a competitive advantage in the job market.
52. a) What is the minimum distance allowed near open trenches when travelling with a loaded loading shovel and b) explain why?
a) The minimum distance allowed near open trenches when travelling with a loaded loading shovel is typically specified by construction industry regulations. These regulations may vary depending on the specific country or region. It is important to consult the relevant regulations to ensure compliance.
b) The reason for specifying a minimum distance is to mitigate the risk of accidents and potential damage to the trench and surrounding infrastructure. Keeping a safe distance helps prevent the loaded loading shovel from accidentally falling into the trench or causing a collapse. Additionally, it reduces the likelihood of collisions or damage to people and equipment in the vicinity of the trench.
53. What THREE main duties of The Health and Safety at Work Act must employees follow?
The main duties employees must follow under the Health and Safety at Work Act are:
1. Taking reasonable care of their own health and safety as well as others who may be affected by their actions;
2. Co-operating with their employer to ensure health and safety measures are in place and followed; and
3. Not interfering or misusing anything provided for health and safety purposes.
54. Why must the seat belt be worn, even with the cab door closed?
The seat belt must be worn in a tracked loading shovel, even with the cab door closed, as a safety precaution. In the event of sudden movement or an accident, the seat belt helps to restrain the operator and prevent them from being thrown about or ejected from the machine. The cab door being closed does not eliminate the risk of being jolted or thrown off balance, so wearing the seat belt is essential for the operator's safety.
55. Give TWO reasons why, wherever possible, operators should excavate the ground in layers.
Excavating the ground in layers has two main benefits. Firstly, it allows for better control and assessment of the stability and quality of the soil. By excavating in layers, operators can identify and address any potential issues or inconsistencies in the soil composition before proceeding to the next layer. Secondly, it promotes safety. Excavating in layers helps to prevent collapse or sudden movement of the ground, which could endanger both the workers and the equipment. Overall, excavating in layers improves the efficiency and safety of the excavation process.
56. Give FOUR reasons that may cause the loading shovel to tip over sideways.
1. Uneven ground: Operating a tracked loading shovel on uneven ground can result in the machine tipping over sideways. The tracks may not be able to maintain proper stability, causing the machine to lose balance.
2. Overloading: Loading the shovel with excessive weight can exceed its tipping capacity, leading to a sideways tip over. It's important to adhere to the manufacturer's guidelines and not exceed the machine's maximum load capacity.
3. Incorrect use of attachments: Attaching heavy equipment or implements that alter the center of gravity without considering the machine's stability can result in a tipping hazard.
4. Inadequate operator training: Lack of proper training in operating a loading shovel can lead to incorrect maneuvers or misjudgments, increasing the risk of tipping the machine over sideways. Operators should receive adequate training and follow proper safety protocols.
57. What problems and hazards can soft ground cause to a loaded tracked shovel?
Soft ground can pose several problems and hazards to a loaded tracked shovel. Firstly, the machine's tracks may sink into the soft ground, causing it to lose traction and become stuck. This can lead to delays in work and require assistance to free the shovel. Additionally, the weight of the loaded shovel may cause the ground to become even softer, increasing the risk of the machine sinking further. Moreover, operating on soft ground can put excessive strain on the machine's components, potentially leading to damage or breakage. Overall, soft ground can impede productivity, increase the risk of accidents, and cause mechanical issues for a loaded tracked shovel.
58. Name TWO types of equipment used to ensure that excavation levels, measurements and positions are to the required specification.
Two types of equipment used for ensuring excavation levels, measurements, and positions to the required specification are laser levels and total stations. Laser levels project a level reference line or plane using laser beams, providing accurate measurements for level surfaces. Total stations combine electronic theodolites and distance meters to measure angles and distances, allowing for precise measurements and positioning of the excavation site. Both these equipment help in maintaining the required specifications during excavation.
59. Name THREE ways in which an operator can minimise their impact upon the environment whilst using the machine.
Three ways in which a tracked loading shovel operator can minimize their impact on the environment are:
1. Efficient fuel management: Ensuring the machine is well-maintained, tires properly inflated, and using a fuel-efficient mode, if available, can reduce fuel consumption and emissions.
2. Proper waste management: Operators should dispose of waste materials, such as oil, filters, and other hazardous substances, in accordance with environmental regulations.
3. Noise mitigation: Operators can minimize noise pollution by following recommended noise control measures, such as using noise-reducing attachments and techniques, and avoiding working in sensitive areas during restricted hours.
60. When constructing a ramp to load a crusher, name THREE considerations to take into account.
1. Ground stability: Ensure the ground beneath the ramp is stable enough to support the weight of the loaded crusher and the tracked loading shovel. Conduct a geotechnical assessment to assess the soil conditions and determine if any ground reinforcement or stabilizing measures are required.
2. Ramp slope: Consider the slope of the ramp to ensure safe and efficient loading. The ramp should be designed with a suitable gradient that allows the tracked loading shovel to easily navigate up and down without the risk of tipping over or losing traction.
3. Ramp width and strength: Ensure the ramp is wide enough to accommodate both the tracked loading shovel and the crusher. Additionally, the ramp should be constructed to a suitable strength to withstand the heavy loads and impacts generated during loading operations. Use suitable construction materials and follow structural design guidelines to ensure the ramp's durability and safety.
61. Name FOUR different types or levels of disciplinary actions or sanctions that can be applied (by employers and judicial bodies) to operators of plant who do not comply with, or follow legislation and regulations.
1. Verbal warning: Employers can issue a verbal warning to operators of plant who fail to comply with legislation and regulations as an initial disciplinary action.
2. Written warning: Employers can provide a written warning to operators who consistently fail to follow legislation and regulations, documenting the violation and potential consequences.
3. Suspension: In more serious cases, employers may suspend an operator, temporarily removing them from their role as a disciplinary measure until the situation is resolved.
4. Termination: Ultimately, employers may choose to terminate the employment of operators who repeatedly fail to comply with legislation and regulations, demonstrating a consistent disregard for safety standards. Judicial bodies can also impose fines or legal penalties depending on the severity of the violation.
62. a) What effect on loader operations does making too deep a cut have when filling the bucket and b) what effect does making too shallow a cut have?
a) Making too deep a cut while filling the bucket with a tracked loading shovel can negatively impact loader operations. It can lead to an overload condition, causing excess strain on the machine's hydraulic system. This can result in reduced efficiency, slower cycle times, and potential damage to the equipment.
b) Making too shallow a cut while filling the bucket with a tracked loading shovel can result in underutilization of the machine's capacity. The shovel may not be fully loaded, leading to inefficient use of time and fuel. It can also result in multiple passes to collect the same amount of material, which can increase wear and tear on the equipment and decrease productivity.
63. The operator is asked to tip material into a trench. State FOUR different requirements that must be considered or implemented before tipping commences.
Before commencing tipping with a tracked loading shovel into a trench, the operator must consider or implement the following four requirements:
1. Ensure that the trench is stable and properly supported to prevent collapse during tipping to minimize safety risks.
2. Verify that the selected tipping location is clear of any overhead obstructions or power lines to avoid accidents or damage.
3. Assess the ground conditions around the trench and confirm they are suitable to support the weight of the loaded material and the loading shovel.
4. Check the stability and position of the loading shovel to prevent any imbalance or instability during tipping, reducing the risk of accidents.