1. If a load of 40 tonnes is lifted on four falls or lines of rope, what is the tension in each fall or line?
The tension in each fall or line is 10 tonnes.
2. What makes up the total (or gross) weight of a load that is to be lifted?
The total weight of a load being lifted by a mobile crane includes the weight of the item being lifted, as well as any additional equipment, materials or attachments that are attached to the load. This weight is known as the total or gross weight of the load. It is important to accurately calculate the total weight to ensure that the crane is capable of safely lifting the load. Factors such as the load's materials, dimensions, and any additional components must be taken into account to determine the correct total weight.
3. When working in a confined area or space: a) what danger can be present with regards to the counterweight of the machine, b) when should measures be taken and c) what measures should be implemented?
a) The danger of the counterweight in a confined area is that it may come into contact with structures, equipment, or people, causing injury or damage.
b) Measures should be taken whenever the mobile crane is operating in a confined area.
c) Measures to implement include proper planning and risk assessment to ensure adequate space for the counterweight and safe operation of the crane. Use of warning signs, barriers, or exclusion zones can also help prevent contact with the counterweight by unauthorized personnel. Regular monitoring and communication among workers are essential to maintaining a safe work environment.
4. If a load is being slewed too fast for its size, what TWO factors must the operator and signaller take into account?
When a load is being slewed too fast for its size, the operator and signaller need to consider two factors: stability and control. Firstly, they must ensure that the crane remains stable during the slew, taking into account the load's weight, position, and potential swing. Secondly, they must maintain control over the load by avoiding sudden movements and adjusting the slew speed appropriately. These two factors are crucial for ensuring the safety of the lifting operation and minimizing the risk of accidents or damage.
5. Wind speeds can be variable throughout the working day. What action must be taken to ensure safe working conditions are maintained?
To maintain safe working conditions during variable wind speeds, it is crucial to regularly monitor and assess the wind conditions throughout the day. You should have access to accurate and up-to-date wind speed measurements. Set wind speed limits and adhere to them strictly. Adjust the crane's operations and lifting activities accordingly, following the manufacturer's guidelines. It is essential to communicate with the crane operator and other personnel involved to ensure everyone is aware of the current wind conditions and understands the need for precautionary measures. Finally, have a contingency plan in place to suspend or halt crane operations when wind speeds exceed the safe limits.
6. Apart from the operator, who else may need to use the machine's Operator's Manual?
Other personnel who may need to use the mobile crane's Operator's Manual include maintenance technicians, safety officers, and supervisors. These individuals may refer to the manual for maintenance procedures, safety guidelines, and operational instructions. It provides valuable information for effectively and safely utilizing the mobile crane in construction activities.
7. When would a fly jib or lattice extension be fitted and used?
A fly jib or lattice extension is typically fitted and used on a mobile crane when additional reach or lifting capacity is required. It allows the crane to extend its boom length and thereby increase its lifting height or radius. This is particularly useful when working on projects that require reaching higher or farther distances. The fly jib or lattice extension is typically attached to the end of the main boom and can be adjusted to suit different lifting requirements. It provides flexibility and versatility to the mobile crane, enabling it to handle a wider range of tasks efficiently.
8. Why are crane operators generally regarded as 'safety-critical' workers?
Crane operators are considered safety-critical because their actions directly impact the safety of personnel and property. They are responsible for operating heavy machinery that can cause serious accidents if mishandled. An error in judgement or lack of attention can result in fatalities or significant damage. Therefore, crane operators must follow strict safety protocols and regulations to ensure the safe operation of cranes. They require extensive training, experience, and concentration to assess risks, communicate effectively, and execute lifts safely. Their role demands utmost responsibility for the well-being of others and the protection of infrastructure.
9. Give FOUR reasons that may cause the crane to overturn.
Four reasons that may cause a mobile crane to overturn are:
1. Overloading the crane beyond its maximum lifting capacity.
2. Operating the crane on an uneven or unstable surface.
3. Excessive wind forces acting on the crane while it is lifting or moving a load.
4. Improper crane setup and assembly, such as not fully extending or securing the outriggers.
10. Before leaving the cab for a rest break, after parking and switching off the machine, what final action must be carried out?
Before leaving the cab, ensure the mobile crane is properly secured by engaging the parking brake, lowering the boom to its rest position, and retracting the outriggers if they were in use. Additionally, you must turn off the power supply and remove the key to prevent unauthorized use. Confirm that all controls are in the 'off' position, lights are switched off, and all doors and windows are closed securely. Lastly, double-check for any loose equipment or debris that needs to be cleared.
11. a) What is meant by the lifting capacity of the crane and b) who determines it?
a) The lifting capacity of a crane refers to the maximum weight it can safely lift and move. It is usually given in tonnes or pounds. This limit is set to ensure crane stability and prevent accidents.
b) The lifting capacity of a crane is determined by the crane manufacturer. They conduct load tests and calculations to determine the maximum weight that can be safely lifted, considering factors such as boom length, angle, and stability requirements.
Overall, the lifting capacity is provided by the crane manufacturer based on their engineering and testing processes.
12. Name TWO ways that wet weather can affect lifting operations.
Wet weather can impact lifting operations in two main ways. First, rain can make the ground slippery, increasing the risk of accidents and instability. Proper ground assessments and implementing non-slip measures are essential in such situations. Second, rain can affect the load being lifted, as water can add weight and alter the center of gravity. Accurate calculations are crucial to ensure the load remains within the crane's capacity and stability limits. It is advisable to take extra precautions, such as using waterproof covering for sensitive items or postponing operations during heavy rain when it compromises safety.
13. Using the lifting capacity diagram for A60: a) what is the maximum lifting capacity, b) what boom extension is required for a load weighing 7.6 tonnes needed to be placed at 15 metres radius and c) what counterweight is required?
14. The number of falls has been changed on the hook block. How has this action affected the RCI?
Changing the number of falls on the hook block can affect the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) of a mobile crane. The RCI calculates the maximum safe load the crane can lift based on various factors, including the number of falls. If the number of falls is increased, the RCI will typically decrease as the load capacity decreases. If the number of falls is decreased, the RCI will typically increase as the load capacity increases. It is important to consult the crane's manufacturer specifications and guidelines to determine the specific impact on the RCI.
15. What is the definition of, or how can a hazard be described?
A hazard can be described as any aspect of a workplace or activity that has the potential to cause harm or injury to people, damage to property, or negatively affect the environment. In the context of mobile cranes, hazards can include unstable ground conditions, improper use of the crane, limited visibility, proximity to power lines, and insufficient training or competency of the operator. It is important to identify and control these hazards to ensure the safe operation of mobile cranes.
16. During work, the engine starts to overheat. Explain the danger if someone tries to remove the radiator or expansion tank cap.
Removing the radiator or expansion tank cap while the engine is overheating can be highly dangerous. The hot coolant under pressure can spray out forcefully, causing serious burns to anyone in the vicinity. Additionally, opening the cap can release a surge of scalding steam, which poses a further risk of burns. It is important to allow the engine to cool down before attempting to remove any coolant caps to avoid injury and ensure safe maintenance procedures.
17. In what situation does a hard hat NOT need to be worn when operating a mobile crane?
A hard hat should always be worn when operating a mobile crane, regardless of the situation. It is a necessary safety precaution to protect against falling objects or head injuries. Neglecting to wear a hard hat increases the risk of serious harm or even fatality. Stay safe by wearing a hard hat at all times when working with a mobile crane.
18. Only two legs of an 8 tonne four-legged chain sling are being used. What is the maximum load that can be lifted?
Using only two legs of a four-legged chain sling reduces the lifting capacity by 30%. Therefore, the maximum load that can be lifted with the two legs is 70% of the total lifting capacity. Considering an 8-tonne capacity, the maximum load that can be lifted with two legs is 5.6 tonnes.
19. What are the THREE actions or stages that a crane operator undertakes during pre-use inspections?
A crane operator undertakes three actions or stages during pre-use inspections: visual inspection of the crane and its components, functional testing of the crane's various functions, and verification of the presence and functionality of required safety devices. These pre-use inspections are crucial to ensure that the crane is in safe working condition and to prevent any potential accidents or breakdowns during operation. It is the responsibility of the crane operator to carry out these inspections thoroughly and report any issues or concerns to the appropriate authorities or maintenance personnel.
20. On a busy construction site, how would the slinger/signaller be identified to the crane operator?
The slinger/signaller can be identified to the crane operator by wearing high-visibility clothing and using standard hand signals or radio communication.
21. Name THREE ways in which an operator can minimise their impact upon the environment whilst using the machine.
1. Reduce Idling: Operators should minimize engine idling time by turning the engine off when the crane is not in use. This reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
2. Optimize Route Planning: Operators should carefully plan crane movements to avoid unnecessary travel and reduce fuel consumption. This minimizes carbon footprint and environmental impact.
3. Recycle and Reuse: Operators can minimize waste by recycling materials such as oil, filters, and batteries. They should also consider reusing materials or donating them to minimize environmental impact.
By implementing these practices, operators can significantly minimize the environmental impact of mobile crane operations.
22. a) What is the minimum distance allowed near open trenches when travelling the crane and b) explain why?
a) The minimum distance allowed near open trenches when travelling the crane is typically specified by health and safety regulations. This distance can vary depending on the specific circumstances and the risk assessment conducted for the construction site. It is important to ensure that the crane maintains a safe distance to prevent accidents or damage to the crane or the trench.
b) The reason for maintaining a minimum distance near open trenches when travelling the crane is to minimize the risk of accidents and ensure the safety of personnel and equipment. Operating a crane near an open trench increases the possibility of the crane's wheels sinking into soft ground or causing the trench walls to collapse, leading to injuries or fatalities. Adhering to minimum distance requirements helps reduce these risks by keeping the crane at a safe distance.
23. If radios are to be used during the lifting operations, what FIVE actions and checks must be made by the crane operator before use?
1. Ensure that the radio equipment is in good working condition and properly maintained.
2. Check that the batteries are fully charged or the radio is connected to a reliable power source.
3. Test the radio for clear communication by conducting a signal check with the relevant personnel.
4. Verify that the frequency and channel settings are accurate and aligned with the other radios being used.
5. Confirm that all necessary safety procedures and protocols are understood and followed when using the radios during lifting operations.
24. If the words STOP NOW are given to the crane operator by radio during the lift, what action must the operator take?
If the crane operator receives the instruction "STOP NOW" via radio during the lift, the operator must immediately stop all crane movements and bring the lifting operation to a halt. This is a crucial safety measure to prevent any potential accidents or injuries. The operator must adhere to the instructions and not resume the lift until they receive further guidance or clarification. Safety is paramount in the construction industry, and it is essential to follow all safety protocols and directives given by authorized personnel.
25. The safe working load or working load limit (SWL/WLL) of a multi-leg chain sling only applies in what TWO conditions or configuration?
The safe working load or working load limit (SWL/WLL) of a multi-leg chain sling only applies when the angles between the legs are within the manufacturer's specified range, and the chain sling is correctly attached and used as intended.
26. If the hook block inadvertently (accidentally) lands, what course of action should be taken?
If the hook block inadvertently lands, the crane operator should immediately take the following actions:
1. Stop all crane movements and operations.
2. Assess the situation to ensure the safety of personnel and the surrounding area.
3. Report the incident to the relevant supervisor or manager.
4. Conduct a thorough inspection of the equipment to determine the cause of the incident and identify any damage or potential risks.
5. Document the incident and follow any necessary reporting or investigation procedures as per company policies or regulations.
6. Implement any corrective actions or modifications required to prevent a similar incident from recurring.
Remember, safety and proper protocols should always be the top priority in any crane operation.
27. What effect can a swinging load have on a crane?
A swinging load on a crane can have several negative effects. First, it can cause the crane to become unstable, increasing the risk of tipping over. Second, it can put extra stress on the crane's structure and components, potentially leading to damage or failure. Third, it can create unsafe conditions for workers nearby, as the swinging load can hit or crush them. Finally, it can make the load difficult to control and position accurately, increasing the risk of accidents and damage to the load or surrounding property. It is essential to ensure proper load control and follow safe operating procedures to minimize these risks.
28. a) How does the number of lines or falls of rope affect the lifting capacity for the crane and b) how is hoist speed affected when the number of lines (or falls of rope) is reduced?
a) The number of lines or falls of rope in a crane affects its lifting capacity. The more lines there are, the greater the lifting capacity. Each line shares the load, increasing the overall lifting capacity.
b) When the number of lines or falls of rope is reduced, the hoist speed of the crane increases. This is because there is less weight to lift with each line, allowing for faster movement. However, it is important to note that reducing the number of lines may also decrease the overall lifting capacity of the crane.
29. Why must the seat belt be worn, even with the cab door closed?
The seat belt must be worn in a mobile crane, even with the cab door closed, to ensure the operator's safety in case of sudden movements or accidents. The seat belt helps to secure the operator in place, preventing them from being thrown around or ejected from the seat in the event of an incident. It is a crucial safety measure to minimize the risk of injury or fatality.
30. Why should a crane be re-fuelled at the end of the day?
A crane should be refuelled at the end of the day to ensure it has enough fuel for the next day's operations. Running out of fuel during work can cause delays and disruptions to the construction schedule. Additionally, refuelling at the end of the day allows time for the crane to cool down, reducing the risk of any fuel-related issues or accidents. It is a standard practice to refuel construction equipment regularly to maintain efficient and safe operations.
31. List SIX typical subject areas that should be covered in a site induction.
1. Health and safety procedures: Ensure that workers are aware of the site-specific health and safety protocols and any potential hazards they may encounter.
2. Emergency procedures: Inform workers about the site's emergency evacuation procedures and the location of first aid facilities and fire exits.
3. Site-specific rules and regulations: Communicate any specific rules and regulations that are unique to the site, such as restricted areas, personal protective equipment requirements, and parking arrangements.
4. Work activities and scope: Outline the nature of the work activities that will be performed on the site and provide an overview of the scope of the project.
5. Environmental considerations: Highlight any environmental considerations, such as waste management procedures, recycling initiatives, or protected areas that workers need to be aware of.
6. Site access and security: Inform workers about site access procedures, including sign-in processes, vehicle entry requirements, and any security measures in place to protect the site and its assets.
32. What THREE main duties of The Health and Safety at Work Act must employees follow?
The three main duties that employees must follow under the Health and Safety at Work Act are:
1. To take reasonable care of their own health and safety, as well as the health and safety of others who may be affected by their actions.
2. To cooperate with their employer to enable them to comply with their health and safety duties, including following any safety instructions and using provided safety equipment.
3. To not interfere with or misuse anything provided for health and safety purposes, such as safety signs, barriers, or protective equipment.
33. As a lifting machine, the crane must be thoroughly examined. a) What is the purpose of the examination and b) who would carry out the examination?
a) The purpose of the examination is to ensure the crane is safe to use and meets legal requirements. It helps identify any faults or issues that need to be addressed before operating the crane.
b) The examination should be carried out by a competent person with expert knowledge of crane inspections and regulations. This could be an independent third-party inspector or someone within the organization who has the necessary training and experience.
34. Give TWO examples of where The Work at Height Regulations may apply to mobile crane operations.
Mobile Crane operations may fall under the Work at Height Regulations if workers are performing tasks at height while operating the crane, such as dismantling or maintaining structures. It may also apply if the crane is used to lift a person to carry out work at height, like carrying out repairs or inspections on buildings or other elevated structures.
35. Name THREE ways in which wind speed can affect the lifting operation.
Wind speed can affect a lifting operation in three ways:
1. Increased wind speed can reduce the stability of the crane, causing it to sway, compromising the safety of the operation.
2. Strong gusts of wind can catch the load being lifted, leading to instability and potential damage.
3. High wind speeds can also affect the load radius, making it more difficult to control the load and increasing the risk of accidents.
36. a) What determines the minimum distances that any part of plant and machinery has to be kept from over head electricity lines and b) explain why a distance should be kept.
a) The minimum distances that any part of plant and machinery needs to be kept from overhead electricity lines are determined by regulations and guidelines set by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the UK. These minimum distances are based on the voltage of the overhead lines and are intended to ensure safety and prevent accidents.
b) A distance should be kept from overhead electricity lines to prevent the risk of electrocution and other serious accidents. Contact with an overhead line can result in electric shock, burns, and even death. By maintaining a safe distance, the risk of accidental contact with the lines is minimized, ensuring the safety of workers and the integrity of the plant and machinery.
37. If a load is slewed rather quickly, what TWO initial effects does it have on the load whilst slewing?
If a load is slewed quickly, it can experience two initial effects. Firstly, there may be an increase in dynamic forces acting on the load due to the sudden change in direction. This can potentially cause instability and additional stress on the load. Secondly, there might be an increase in the load's swing or pendulum effect, as it takes time for the load to come into equilibrium with the slew movement. This can result in greater lateral motion and potential risks if not controlled properly.
38. What is meant by the footprint of the crane?
The footprint of a mobile crane refers to the area on the ground that is occupied by the crane's supporting structure and outriggers. It represents the space required for the crane to be stable and safe during lifting operations. The size of the footprint depends on several factors, including the crane's capacity, boom length, and the angle at which it is set up. By understanding the crane's footprint, operators can ensure that the crane is set up on a stable surface and that there is enough space for the crane to operate safely.
39. What is the main purpose of the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI)?
The main purpose of the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) in a mobile crane is to provide the crane operator with a visual or audible warning if the crane is being operated outside of its rated capacity. The RCI helps prevent overloading and reduces the risk of accidents during lifting operations. It is a crucial safety feature that assists the operator in ensuring that the crane is operated safely and within its operating limits.
40. When slewing with a load, where should the operator be looking?
When slewing with a load, the mobile crane operator should primarily focus on the area directly around the load and the designated lifting area. It is essential to maintain a clear view of the load, ensuring its stability and preventing any potential collisions or accidents. The operator should also be aware of their surroundings and monitor for any obstacles or hazards. Regular checks on the position of the load and the crane's stability will help ensure safe and precise operation. Overall, a vigilant and focused approach is crucial during slewing with a load.
41. State the functions or job role of the following personnel: a) appointed person, b) crane supervisor, c) slinger,
a) The appointed person is responsible for planning and overseeing lifting operations. They assess risks, select the appropriate crane, and ensure that the lift is carried out safely and efficiently.
b) The crane supervisor is in charge of the crane and its operation during lifting operations. They oversee the crane operator and ensure that all lifting procedures are followed correctly. They also ensure that the crane is maintained and inspected regularly.
c) The slinger is responsible for attaching the load to the crane and directing the crane operator during lifting operations. They ensure that the load is secure and properly positioned. They also communicate with the crane operator using hand signals or radios to ensure safe and efficient lifting.
42. a) Which part of the crane applies loading or pressure to the ground and b) name TWO ways that pressure can be reduced.
a) The part of the crane that applies loading or pressure to the ground is the outriggers.
b) Two ways to reduce pressure are by using larger outrigger pads to increase the contact area with the ground and by adopting the use of mats or timber cribbing to distribute the load over a larger surface area.
43. If asked to travel with a suspended load, name FIVE factors that must be taken into account by the operator before moving.
1. Load Capacity: The mobile crane operator must ensure that the crane's load capacity is sufficient to safely carry the suspended load.
2. Stability: The operator needs to ensure that the mobile crane is stable enough to handle the suspended load while moving, considering factors such as ground conditions, wind speed, and any possible obstructions.
3. Clearance: The operator must assess the clearance available around the crane's intended path of travel to ensure that there is enough room for the suspended load to move without coming into contact with any obstacles or structures.
4. Communication: Adequate communication systems must be in place to ensure clear communication between the operator and the workers involved in the task. This is crucial to avoid accidents and ensure a safe movement of the suspended load.
5. Route Planning: The operator needs to carefully plan the route the mobile crane will take while carrying the suspended load, considering any potential hazards or obstacles along the way.
44. How can a qualification or card benefit a crane operator?
A qualification or card demonstrates that the crane operator has met certain industry standards and possesses the necessary knowledge and skills to operate a crane safely and efficiently. It can increase their employability and job prospects, as many employers require operators to be qualified. It also provides reassurance to clients and contractors that the crane operator is competent and reliable. Furthermore, having a qualification or card can enhance the operator's professional reputation and may open up opportunities for career progression or higher pay. Ultimately, it highlights the importance of continuous professional development and ensures compliance with industry regulations.
45. As the crane rotates through 360 degrees with a load, what happens to the loading on each outrigger or wheel?
As the mobile crane rotates 360 degrees with a load, the loading on each outrigger or wheel changes proportionally. The outriggers act as stabilizers to prevent the crane from tipping over, and their load increases or decreases depending on the crane's rotation. The weight distribution will shift as the crane rotates, potentially leading to uneven loading on the outriggers or wheels. Therefore, it's crucial to carefully monitor the load distribution and adjust the outriggers accordingly to ensure stability and prevent any issues.
46. What is the purpose of counterweight(s) on the crane?
The counterweight on a mobile crane is used to provide stability and balance. It counteracts the weight of the load being lifted, ensuring that the crane remains steady and doesn't tip over. The counterweight is strategically positioned on the opposite side of the crane to the load, which helps to distribute the weight evenly. This allows the crane to safely lift and move heavy loads without compromising its stability. Overall, the purpose of the counterweight is to ensure the safe operation of the crane and prevent any accidents or instability.
47. a) Who only can authorise partial outrigger extensions and b) what is the effect on lifting capacity by partially extending the outriggers?
a) Only a competent person who is trained and qualified in operating mobile cranes can authorize partial outrigger extensions.
b) Partially extending the outriggers reduces the overall stability of the crane, which may result in a decrease in the lifting capacity. The exact effect on the lifting capacity depends on various factors, such as the crane's configuration, load weight, and the degree of outrigger extension. It is crucial to consult the crane manufacturer's specifications and follow proper procedures to ensure safe operations.
48. What is the purpose of a roll or ROPS frame?
The main purpose of a roll or ROPS frame on a mobile crane is to provide protection to the operator in the event of a rollover or an overturning incident. The frame is designed to withstand the impact and prevent the operator from being crushed or injured. It is an essential safety feature that helps to minimize the risks associated with crane accidents.
49. How does the deflection of the boom or jib affect the lift?
The deflection of the boom or jib can affect the lift by reducing the maximum lifting capacity and increasing the stress on the crane structure. The deflection causes an increase in the horizontal distance between the load and the crane's center of gravity, which creates a moment that can tip the crane. This means that as the boom or jib deflects, the crane's stability decreases, and the lifting capacity decreases. Evaluating and minimizing boom or jib deflection is crucial to ensure safe and efficient lifting operations.
50. Name TWO things that happen if the hoist rope is not vertical when lifting a load.
If the hoist rope is not vertical when lifting a load, two things can happen:
1. Increased stress: The load will exert additional stress on the hoist rope, potentially causing it to wear prematurely or even fail.
2. Load instability: A non-vertical hoist rope can lead to load swinging or spinning, increasing the risk of accidents and making it challenging to control the load's position and movement.
It is essential to ensure that the hoist rope remains vertical while lifting to maintain safety and protect equipment and personnel.
51. Two cranes are working in the same vicinity that encroach the operating radius of each. What actions would the lift plan or method statement normally specify?
The lift plan or method statement would typically specify actions to mitigate the risk of conflicting operating radii. This may include establishing a clear communication protocol between crane operators, implementing a system to indicate when one crane is within the operating radius of the other, and defining procedures to be followed when such an overlap occurs. These actions aim to prioritize safety, coordination and prevent any potential accidents from occurring between the two cranes.
52. What is the difference between a contract lift and a 'standard' crane hire?
A contract lift is when the crane hire company takes full responsibility for the lifting operation, including planning and executing the lift. The client doesn't need to provide a designated lift supervisor. Standard crane hire usually involves the client taking responsibility for the lift and providing their own lifting team. In a contract lift, the crane hire company carries out risk assessments, obtains permits, and supplies the necessary personnel. On the other hand, in a standard crane hire, the client is responsible for these aspects. A contract lift offers a more comprehensive service, ensuring increased safety and reduced liability for the client.
53. When must a banksman or signaller be used before moving a crane?
A banksman or signaller must be used before moving a crane when the operator's vision is obstructed, or if a safe movement cannot be achieved without assistance. The banksman's role is to help guide the crane operator by giving clear hand signals and vocal instructions. They ensure that the crane moves safely and avoids any potential hazards or collisions. A signaller is particularly important when working in congested areas or when the load is out of the operator's direct line of sight. Their presence helps to prevent accidents and promote safe working practices.
54. Crane operations fall within the scope of the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998. Name TWO requirements of the regulations with regards to lifting.
LOLER 1998 mandates that all lifting operations should be planned and carried out by competent personnel. Additionally, the regulations require that appropriate equipment is selected and used in accordance with specific safety guidelines.
55. If setting up to lift loads in a pedestrianised area, state THREE factors that need to be taken into account.
When setting up a mobile crane in a pedestrianised area, it is crucial to consider the following three factors:
1. Safety: Ensure that the crane's operation does not pose a risk to pedestrians. Implement measures such as fenced-off areas, clear signage, and trained personnel to maintain a safe environment.
2. Access restrictions: Assess the area for any access limitations, such as narrow pathways or low height restrictions, that may hinder the crane's mobility or cause obstructions during lifting operations.
3. Noise and disruption: Minimize noise levels and disruptions to businesses or residents in the area. Consider scheduling lifting operations during quieter hours and using noise-reducing techniques to minimize disturbances.
Remember to consult local regulations and obtain necessary permits before commencing any lifting operations.
56. Which parts of the crane is the radius (for lifting) measured from?
The radius for lifting in a mobile crane is typically measured from the center of the crane's slewing ring or the center of the crane's superstructure. It refers to the distance between the crane's center point and the point where the load is being lifted or lowered. This measurement is important for determining the crane's lifting capacity and ensuring safe operation.
57. An operator has been asked to pick and carry a load down a small section of the public highway, for which The Road Traffic Act applies. What effect does this have on crane operations?
When operating a mobile crane on the public highway, The Road Traffic Act will apply, which means certain regulations must be followed. These regulations typically include obtaining necessary permits, ensuring the crane is roadworthy and properly equipped, adhering to weight and dimension limits, and complying with traffic laws. Crane operations may be affected by increased planning and coordination requirements, as well as potential restrictions or limitations imposed by local authorities. It is crucial to consult with relevant authorities and follow the appropriate procedures to ensure safe and compliant crane operations on the public highway.
58. When parking the machine at the end of the shift, name THREE places where the machine should NOT be parked.
The mobile crane should NOT be parked in the following places at the end of the shift:
1. In front of emergency exits or fire escape routes, as this hampers evacuation in case of an emergency.
2. Near or over underground utilities, such as gas or electrical lines, to prevent the risk of damage or accidents.
3. On unstable or uneven ground, as this compromises the stability and safety of the machine.
It is crucial to ensure proper parking locations to prioritize safety and avoid potential hazards.
59. Using the Operator's Manual, state the figure for the tyre pressures. Note: The Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
The figure for the tyre pressures can be found in the Operator's Manual for the mobile crane being used. The candidate must refer to the manual to obtain this information. Having the Operator's Manual available is crucial for accessing the specific figures required.
60. What is the meaning of this hand signal (being demonstrated by the Tester)?
The hand signal being demonstrated by the tester is the "stop" signal for a mobile crane. It signifies that the crane operator should cease all operations immediately. The signal is usually performed by extending one arm fully in front of the body, palm facing downwards, and holding that position until the crane operator acknowledges and stops. It is important for all crane operators and personnel working with a crane to be familiar with and understand the standard hand signals to ensure safe and effective communication on the construction site.
61. Name FOUR different types or levels of disciplinary actions or sanctions that can be applied (by employers and judicial bodies) to operators of plant who do not comply with, or follow legislation and regulations.
1. Verbal Warning: Initial disciplinary action where the employer verbally informs the operator of their non-compliance and the potential consequences if it continues.
2. Written Warning: Formal warning issued to the operator in writing, documenting their non-compliance and highlighting the need for improvement.
3. Suspension: Temporary removal of the operator's privileges to operate plant machinery as a result of serious non-compliance or repeated offenses.
4. Termination of Employment: The most severe sanction, where the employer may choose to terminate the operator's employment contract due to repeated non-compliance or serious breach of legislation and regulations.
62. What does The Health and Safety at Work Act require employers to do with regards specifically to plant?
The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to ensure the safety and welfare of their employees when using plant, including mobile cranes. This involves several responsibilities such as providing training, competence assessments, and maintaining the plant in safe working condition. Employers must also assess and manage any risks associated with the use of plant, implement control measures to minimize these risks, and provide adequate information, instruction, and supervision to employees. Regular inspections and maintenance of plant are also required. Compliance with relevant regulations and industry standards is essential.
63. If the crane has to travel on the public highway, the Road Traffic Act applies. a) What type of licence and which classes should the operator hold and b) what is the minimum age allowed?
a) The operator should hold a Category C (large vehicle) licence and a Category E (trailer) licence. The classes required depend on the weight of the crane and its trailer. The specific classes needed can be found in the Road Traffic Act.
b) The minimum age allowed for operating a mobile crane on public highways is 18 years old.
64. What is the purpose of a risk assessment?
The purpose of a risk assessment in relation to a mobile crane is to identify and evaluate potential hazards and risks associated with its operation. It helps to ensure the safety of both workers and the general public by identifying potential hazards such as unstable ground, overhead power lines, or insufficient clearances. A risk assessment also helps in determining appropriate control measures to mitigate those risks. By conducting a risk assessment, you can comply with legal obligations, increase safety awareness, and reduce the likelihood of accidents or injuries.
65. The operator has to use a new model of mobile crane that they are unfamiliar with. What do Regulations (i.e. LOLER 98) and other guidance require the operator to have?
Under the LOLER 1998 Regulations and other industry guidance, the operator of a new model of mobile crane must have appropriate knowledge, training, and experience to safely operate the equipment. They should undergo thorough familiarization training provided by the crane manufacturer or a competent person. This training should cover the crane's controls, limitations, safe use, and any specific hazards associated with the model. Additionally, operators must hold a valid certificate of competence or qualification demonstrating their competence to operate mobile cranes. They should also have a good understanding of relevant health and safety regulations and best practices.
66. Using the Operator's Manual, state the cold-starting procedure for the crane (can be the drive engine or auxiliary engine). Note: The Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
Refer to the Operator's Manual to locate the specific cold-starting procedure for the mobile crane. The manual will provide step-by-step instructions for starting the drive engine or auxiliary engine, depending on which one is being used for the test. It is important to have the Operator's Manual on hand during the procedure to ensure the correct steps are followed. Please consult the manual for the complete cold-starting procedure.
67. If checking the oil level using a dipstick, why must gloves be worn?
Gloves should be worn when checking oil levels on a mobile crane using a dipstick to protect your hands from potential contact with hot or dirty surfaces, preventing injury or contamination. Gloves provide a barrier and offer added safety.
68. a) What is the purpose of a Method Statement and b) what is required of the operator?
a) The purpose of a Method Statement is to explain the sequence of activities and safety measures for a specific construction task. It ensures that work is planned and carried out safely, minimizing risks to workers and the surrounding environment.
b) The operator of a mobile crane is required to have adequate training and qualifications. They should possess a valid license and undergo regular competency assessments. Operators must adhere to health and safety regulations, follow manufacturer's instructions, and inspect the crane before every use. Communication with the appointed supervisor and adherence to the Method Statement is also essential for safe operation.
69. What are the possible outcomes of facing prosecution for not complying with legislation and regulations?
The potential outcomes of prosecution for non-compliance with legislation and regulations in the UK construction industry vary depending on the severity of the breach. They can include financial penalties, legal costs, reputational damage, restricted future contracts, and even imprisonment in serious cases. It is crucial to ensure compliance with all relevant laws and regulations to avoid such consequences. Maintaining proper health and safety protocols, following construction codes, and adhering to industry standards will help mitigate the risk of prosecution. Seeking legal advice is advised in case of any potential breaches.
70. What is the purpose of the hoisting limit switch (also known as the 'chandelier')?
The purpose of the hoisting limit switch, commonly known as the 'chandelier', is to prevent the overload of a mobile crane during lifting operations. It is a safety device that monitors the load being lifted and automatically stops the hoisting motion when the load exceeds the pre-set limit. This helps to prevent structural and mechanical damage to the crane and ensures the safety of personnel working in the vicinity. The hoisting limit switch is an important feature that helps to maintain safe lifting practices in the construction industry.
71. Where should the Operator's Manual be kept and why?
The Operator's Manual for a mobile crane should be kept on the crane in a designated and easily accessible location. This is important so that it can be readily available for the operator to consult and reference when needed. It provides crucial information about the safe and proper operation of the crane, including instructions, precautions, and maintenance requirements. Keeping the manual with the crane ensures that it is always nearby and can be quickly accessed by the operator, promoting safety and compliance with operational guidelines.
72. During the lifting operation, part of the task cannot be carried out as detailed in the lift plan. a) What initially must happen to the lifting operation and b) who authorises any changes?
a) If part of the task cannot be carried out as specified in the lift plan, the lifting operation should be halted immediately to ensure safety.
b) Any changes to the lifting operation must be authorized by a competent person who has the appropriate knowledge and experience in crane operations. This person should assess the situation, determine the necessary modifications, and ensure that the changes do not compromise safety or the structural integrity of the crane or load.
73. Name THREE ways that a crane operator can contribute in ensuring repeat business with the client or principal contractor.
A crane operator can contribute to repeat business by:
1. Maintaining a high level of professionalism, such as being punctual and reliable.
2. Demonstrating excellent communication skills to ensure that all instructions and requests are understood and followed accurately.
3. Consistently adhering to health and safety regulations, demonstrating a commitment to providing a safe working environment.