1. List SIX typical subject areas that should be covered in a site induction.
1. Health and Safety: Covers the main hazards and risks on site, including guidelines on personal protective equipment (PPE) and emergency procedures.
2. Site Layout: Explains key areas such as entrances, exits, welfare facilities, and parking. Also covers access routes and any restricted or hazardous areas.
3. Site Rules and Policies: Outlines site-specific rules, including working hours, smoking areas, and procedures for reporting accidents or incidents.
4. Machinery and Equipment: Provides an overview of relevant machinery and equipment, including safe operation, maintenance, and any specific restrictions or requirements.
5. Site Communication: Establishes protocols for effective communication on site, including reporting lines, radio or telecommunication usage, and any relevant signage or signals.
6. Environmental Considerations: Highlights any environmental concerns specific to the site, such as waste management, noise control, or protection of water bodies.
2. What is the main purpose of the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) or Load Moment Indicator (LMI)?
The main purpose of the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) or Load Moment Indicator (LMI) on a 360° excavator of 10 tonnes or above is to help ensure safe operation by monitoring the machine's lifting capacity and alerting the operator if a lift exceeds the safe working load. It provides real-time information about the machine's stability and load limits, helping to prevent accidents and avoid overloading, which can lead to equipment failure or tipping over. The RCI/LMI enhances safety by providing essential feedback to the operator, allowing them to make informed decisions while operating the excavator.
3. If the machine is being travelled or working on the public highway, the Road Traffic Act applies. a) What type of licence and which class should the operator hold and b) what is the minimum age allowed?
a) The operator should hold a full UK driving licence with the appropriate category for the excavator. Depending on the weight of the vehicle, it is likely to require a category C or C+E licence.
b) The minimum age for operating an excavator above 10 tonnes on the public highway is 18 years old.
4. Name THREE ways that a plant operator can contribute towards repeat business with the client or principal contractor.
A plant operator can contribute to repeat business by:
1. Demonstrating skilled operation of the excavator, leading to efficient and timely completion of projects.
2. Adhering to site rules and regulations, ensuring safety and minimizing accidents or incidents.
3. Maintaining clear communication with the client or principal contractor, addressing any concerns or issues promptly and professionally.
5. Who determines the lifting/object handling capacity of the machine?
The manufacturer determines the lifting/object handling capacity of the excavator. It is based on factors including design, engineering, and safety regulations.
6. If the operator has loaded the machine onto a transporter/trailer on behalf of a driver, what checks must be carried out before they leave the cab?
Before leaving the cab after loading the excavator onto a transporter/trailer, the operator should perform the following checks:
1. Securely fasten the machine to the transporter using appropriate restraints.
2. Ensure that all safety features, such as handrails and access gates, are in place and functioning correctly.
3. Verify that the excavator is balanced and stable on the transporter.
4. Confirm that the transporter/trailer is properly hitched or attached to the towing vehicle.
5. Make sure all relevant lights and indicators on the transporter/trailer are working.
Keeping these checks concise will help ensure a safe and smooth transport operation.
7. When parking the machine at the end of the shift, name THREE places where the machine should NOT be parked.
The excavator 360° above 10 tonnes should NOT be parked on unstable ground, near overhead power lines, or obstructing access routes.
8. Describe TWO actions to be taken for an open trench at the end of a working day.
At the end of a working day in an open trench for an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes, two actions to take are:
1. Secure the trench by installing appropriate trench support or shoring systems, such as steel sheets, hydraulic bracing, or soldier piles and lagging. This ensures the stability and prevents collapse of the trench during the night or when it is unattended.
2. Erect visible barriers and signage around the trench perimeter to alert and prevent unauthorized access by people or vehicles. This increases safety and reduces the risk of accidents or injuries that may occur due to falling into or near the trench during non-working hours.
9. What THREE main duties of the Health and Safety at Work Act must employees follow?
Employees must:
1. Take reasonable care of their own health and safety and that of others who may be affected by their actions.
2. Cooperate with their employer to enable them to meet their health and safety obligations.
3. Comply with any health and safety training provided by their employer.
10. Why are plant operators generally regarded as 'safety-critical' workers?
Plant operators are often considered 'safety-critical' because their role involves operating heavy machinery with the potential to cause serious harm. An excavator 360° above 10 tonnes is a large and powerful machine that can pose significant risks if not operated correctly. Plant operators are responsible for the safe operation of this equipment, ensuring it is used in accordance with health and safety guidelines to protect both themselves and others on the worksite. Any lapses in concentration or errors in operation can lead to accidents, making the role safety-critical.
11. If a hook is fitted to the machine for lifting purposes, what must be checked before use?
To ensure safe use of an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes with a fitted hook for lifting, a thorough inspection is necessary. Check the hook's condition, ensuring it's free from damage or wear that could compromise its strength. Examine the lifting attachment, confirming it's securely fastened and suitable for the loads. Inspect the machine's load charts to determine its maximum lifting capacities with the hook attachment. Also, verify that the excavator's hydraulic system is in proper working order for safe lifting operations. Regular maintenance and adherence to manufacturer guidelines are crucial for ensuring safe usage of the hook attachment.
12. Why should different soils be segregated during excavating?
Different soils should be segregated during excavating to ensure proper management of each soil type. Soils vary in their characteristics, such as moisture content, compaction, and load-bearing capacity. By segregating soils, it becomes easier to handle and dispose of them appropriately. For instance, contaminated or hazardous soils can be handled separately to prevent environmental contamination. Furthermore, segregation allows for better soil classification and analysis, aiding in efficient planning and design of foundations or soil stabilization measures. Overall, segregating soils during excavating promotes safety, environmental protection, and effective project management.
13. Before lowering into or moving a drag box into a trench, what trench-related checks must be made?
Before lowering or moving a drag box into a trench, several trench-related checks must be made for safety. Firstly, ensure that the trench is correctly supported using an appropriate shoring system. Check for any signs of instability or ground movement around the trench. Inspect the condition of the trench walls and ensure they are not at risk of collapse. Verify that no underground services or utilities are present in the trench area. Finally, always comply with relevant health and safety regulations and follow safe work practices when working in or around trenches.
14. Why should long loads be lifted using a swivelling type lifting accessory?
Long loads should be lifted using a swivelling type lifting accessory with an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes to ensure safe and efficient lifting operations. The swivelling capability allows for better control and positioning of the load, reducing the risk of damage to the load, the equipment, or surrounding structures. It also enables the load to be lifted and placed in different orientations, providing flexibility in completing the lifting task. Overall, using a swivelling lifting accessory enhances safety, maneuverability, and productivity when lifting long loads with an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes.
15. If setting up to work in a pedestrianised area, state THREE factors that need to be taken into account.
When setting up an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes in a pedestrianised area, consider the following factors:
1. Safety: Ensure measures are in place to protect pedestrians from the potential hazards associated with the operation of the excavator, such as barriers, signage, and designated safe routes.
2. Noise and vibration: Take into account the impact of noise and vibration generated by the excavator on nearby pedestrians. Implement measures to minimize disturbance and abide by local noise regulations.
3. Environmental impact: Address any potential environmental concerns, such as dust, emissions, or spillage, to maintain a clean and safe environment for pedestrians.
16. If the excavator is carrying out deep excavating work using the full working range, what hazard may occur?
The main hazard that may occur when using a 360° excavator above 10 tonnes for deep excavating work is the risk of a collapse of the excavation itself. This can result in serious injuries or fatalities if workers are in the excavation at the time. It is essential to assess the soil conditions, use appropriate shoring or trench boxes, and have a competent person overseeing the excavation work. Regular inspections and monitoring are necessary to prevent any potential collapse and ensure the safety of workers and the surrounding area.
17. a) What determines the minimum distances that any part of plant and machinery has to be kept from over head electricity lines and b) explain why a distance should be kept.
a) The minimum distances that plant and machinery, including an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes, must be kept from overhead electricity lines are determined by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) guidelines, as well as any local regulations.
b) A distance should be kept to ensure the safety of workers and prevent accidents and incidents from occurring. Overhead electricity lines carry high voltage electricity, which poses a significant risk of electric shock. Maintaining a safe distance helps to minimize this risk and prevent contact with the power lines, reducing the likelihood of electrical accidents and injuries.
18. When slewing with a load, where should the operator be looking?
When slewing with a load, the excavator operator should primarily be focused on the load being lifted and the surrounding work area. It is essential to maintain good visibility and ensure the load is stable during the slewing operation. The operator should also be aware of any potential hazards, such as other workers or obstacles, and be prepared to take necessary actions to avoid accidents.
19. If both travel levers (or travel pedal for wheeled machines) are pushed forwards when the track motors (or driving wheels) are in front of the cab, in which direction would the machine move?
If both travel levers are pushed forwards when the track motors are in front of the cab, the machine would move in the forward direction.
20. Where should the excavator's operator's manual be kept and why?
The excavator's operator's manual should be kept in a secure and easily accessible location within the excavator cabin. This is important for the safety and efficiency of the operator. Having the manual readily available allows the operator to quickly reference important information, such as safety procedures, operating instructions, and troubleshooting tips. In the event of an emergency or unforeseen situation, having the manual close at hand allows the operator to make informed decisions and take appropriate action promptly.
21. Before manually changing any bucket: a) Where should the bucket be positioned (in relation to the ground) before removing the final pin and b) explain why?
a) The bucket should be positioned resting on the ground.
b) This allows the weight of the bucket to be supported by the ground, preventing any sudden movements or shifts in weight that could be dangerous during the pin removal process. By keeping the bucket on the ground, it promotes stability and reduces the risk of accidents or injuries.
22. Using the Operator's Manual, state the cold-starting procedure for the machine. Note: The Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
Refer to the Operator's Manual for the specific cold-starting procedure for the Excavator 360° above 10 tonnes machine being used. The manual will provide precise instructions to ensure proper cold starting of the machine. It is crucial for the candidate to have the Operator's Manual at hand for reference, as it contains the most accurate and up-to-date information for the specific machine in question. Adhering to the instructions provided in the manual will help ensure a successful and safe cold start of the excavator.
23. Give TWO reasons why, wherever possible, operators should excavate the ground in layers.
Excavating the ground in layers is beneficial for two reasons: first, it allows for better inspection of the terrain, identifying any unforeseen hazards or obstructions. Second, it enables a more controlled excavation process, reducing the risk of destabilizing the surrounding area or causing collapse. Layer by layer excavation ensures that each section is properly supported before moving on to the next, mitigating potential safety risks.
24. On a semi-automatic quick-hitch bucket attaching system: a) what is the purpose of the safety pin and b) what checks MUST be made to the pin before use?
a) The purpose of the safety pin on a semi-automatic quick-hitch bucket attaching system is to secure the bucket in place and prevent accidental detachment during operation.
b) Before using the safety pin, you must conduct the following checks: ensure the pin is in good condition with no signs of damage or wear, verify that it is the correct size and compatible with the quick-hitch system, confirm that it fits securely in the designated hole, and test the pin by applying force to ensure it is properly engaged and will not dislodge during use.
25. Name THREE ways in which an operator can minimise their impact upon the environment whilst using the machine.
There are three ways operators can minimize their environmental impact while using a 360° excavator weighing over 10 tonnes. First, they can regularly maintain the machine to optimize fuel efficiency, reducing emissions. Second, they should plan excavations carefully to minimize the amount of material being removed and wasted. Third, they can properly manage and dispose of any hazardous materials encountered during excavation, following environmental regulations. By implementing these practices, operators can reduce their environmental footprint and contribute to a more sustainable construction industry.
26. Why must the controls be isolated before each load can be attached or disconnected by the slinger?
Isolating the controls of an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes before attaching or disconnecting a load is a safety measure. It ensures that no unintended movement or operation of the excavator occurs during the process. This reduces the risk of accidents and injuries to the slinger and other personnel nearby. By isolating the controls, the slinger is able to safely attach or disconnect the load without any unexpected actions from the excavator. It is an essential practice to maintain a safe working environment on the construction site.
27. With regards to lifting accessories, irrespective of who supplied the accessories, what THREE factors should be ensured before the accessories are used?
Before using lifting accessories for a 360° excavator above 10 tonnes, three factors to ensure are:
1. Compatibility - The accessories should be compatible with the excavator's specifications and design.
2. Inspections - The accessories should undergo regular inspections to ensure they are in good working condition and free from any defects.
3. Proper Training - Operators should receive appropriate training on how to properly use the accessories to ensure safe and efficient lifting operations.
28. Manufacturers' lifting or object handling capacity charts apply (in all known cases) when the machine is level. What is the effect if a load is lifted or travelled facing downhill on a downhill slope?
Lifting or handling a load facing downhill on a slope can potentially affect the stability of the machine. The downhill slope can add additional force to the load, increasing the risk of instability and potential tipping. It is important to consult the manufacturer's guidelines for specific information on load capacities and operating conditions on slopes. In general, operating on slopes should be done with caution and within the limits specified by the manufacturer to ensure safe and stable operation.
29. Why must excavator operators not begin to load vehicles until the forward-tipping dumper driver is clear of their machine?
Excavator operators must not begin loading vehicles until the forward-tipping dumper driver is clear of their machine because it is important to ensure the safety of all personnel involved. Starting to load vehicles while the dumper driver is near the excavator can create a risk of collision or injury. It is crucial to have clear communication and clear sighting of each other before any operations take place. This helps to prevent accidents and promotes a safe working environment.
30. a) Why should the slewing direction be to the left wherever possible and b) Explain why.
a) The slewing direction of an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes should be to the left wherever possible to optimize safety and efficiency.
b) This is because, in the UK, we drive on the left-hand side of the road, and having the excavator's slewing direction to the left provides better visibility to the operator. It allows them to have a clear view of the excavation area, reducing blind spots and potential accidents. Additionally, left slewing minimizes the risk of the excavator encroaching into nearby traffic lanes or obstructing pedestrian walkways. Overall, left slewing promotes safer operation and better site control.
31. a) What is the purpose of a Method Statement and b) what is required of the operator?
a) The purpose of a Method Statement is to outline the safe and efficient way in which a construction task will be carried out. It includes details of the activities, equipment involved, and necessary precautions to minimize risks and ensure compliance with relevant regulations.
b) The operator of an Excavator 360° above 10 tonnes is required to possess the appropriate qualifications and training to operate the machine safely. They should have a good understanding of the equipment's capabilities and limitations, as well as knowledge of relevant safety procedures. Additionally, the operator must follow the instructions outlined in the Method Statement and adhere to any site-specific rules and regulations.
32. Name TWO types of equipment used to ensure that excavation levels, measurements and positions are to the required specification.
A laser level and a total station are commonly used equipment to ensure accurate excavation levels, measurements, and positions in the construction industry.
33. Explain ALL visual checks that must be carried out on all types of quick-hitch bucket attaching systems before use.
Visual checks on quick-hitch bucket attaching systems for Excavators 360° above 10 tonnes include:
1. Inspect for any damage or cracks on the quick-hitch structure.
2. Ensure the locking pins are intact and undamaged.
3. Check for any excessive wear on the lifting eyes or hooks.
4. Verify that the safety latches are functioning correctly.
5. Look for any loose or missing bolts or fasteners.
6. Examine the condition of the hydraulic hoses and connectors.
7. Ensure the quick-hitch is properly greased and lubricated. 8. Confirm that the warning labels and markings are clear and visible. Always consult the manufacturer's guidelines for specific requirements.
34. If the load inadvertently or accidentally lands, what course of action should be taken?
In the event of an inadvertent or accidental load landing, immediate action must be taken to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment. The first step is to secure the area and clear it of any people who may be in danger. After that, the excavator should be shut down and the engine turned off. The load should not be moved until a thorough inspection of the equipment has been carried out to assess any damage or potential risks. An investigation should be conducted to determine the cause of the incident and appropriate steps taken to prevent recurrence.
35. The operator is asked to excavate a new trench. State FIVE different requirements that must be considered or implemented before work commences.
1. Conduct a thorough site inspection to assess ground conditions and identify any potential hazards or obstructions.
2. Obtain necessary permits and permissions for the excavation work and ensure compliance with local regulations and safety standards.
3. Create a detailed excavation plan, including the dimensions and depth of the trench, as well as any required shoring or support systems.
4. Provide appropriate on-site safety measures, such as securing the work area, displaying warning signs, and ensuring the presence of trained personnel.
5. Ensure the excavator is in sound working condition, maintained regularly, and operated by a competent and licensed operator.
36. What information does the 'dig-envelope' (also known as 'working range') chart give? (Candidates may be shown a copy of a chart.)
The 'dig-envelope' or working range chart for an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes provides information on the maximum reach, height, and depth that the excavator can achieve. It helps operators understand the machine's capabilities and plan their work accordingly. The chart shows the limits and boundaries within which the excavator can safely and effectively operate. It serves as a useful reference for determining the feasibility of tasks and ensuring that the excavator is not used beyond its capacity.
37. Accessories must only be attached to manufacturers' approved lifting points. Explain THREE possible consequences if the recommendations are not followed.
Failure to follow the recommendations regarding attaching accessories to manufacturers' approved lifting points on a 360° excavator above 10 tonnes can have serious consequences:
1. Safety risks: Attaching accessories to unapproved lifting points can lead to structural failure or instability, increasing the risk of accidents, injuries, and even fatalities.
2. Damage to the machine: Incorrectly attaching accessories can cause excessive stress on the excavator's components, resulting in damage to the machine itself, which can be time-consuming and costly to repair.
3. Breach of warranty: Most manufacturers require adherence to their guidelines for warranty claims. Not following the recommendations may void the warranty, potentially leaving the owner responsible for expensive repairs or replacements.
38. Give THREE reasons why an oversize bucket should NOT be used when excavating trenches to specification.
Using an oversize bucket when excavating trenches can cause several issues:
1. It can lead to a trench that is wider than specified, which may result in the need for more backfill material and increased costs.
2. An oversize bucket can increase the risk of damaging nearby utilities and services if the trench is excavated too close to them.
3. Using a larger bucket than necessary can also make it harder to achieve the required depth and slope of the trench, potentially causing uneven or inadequate drainage.
39. In what situation does a hard hat NOT need to be worn when operating a 360 excavator?
When inside an enclosed structure that meets FOPS regulations, FOPS = (falling object protection structure)
40. Using the operator's manual, state the figure for setting track tension. For wheeled units, state the tyres' operating pressure. Note: The operator's manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
The figure for setting track tension can be found in the operator's manual for the excavator 360° above 10 tonnes. The operating pressure for the tyres of the wheeled units can also be found in the same manual. It is important to have the operator's manual available for reference during the test.
41. What is the purpose of a roll or ROPS frame?
The purpose of a roll or ROPS (Roll-Over Protective Structure) frame is to provide a safeguard for operators of excavators weighing above 10 tonnes. It protects them in the event of a machine rollover by providing a protective enclosure, typically consisting of a reinforced metal frame and a canopy or cabin. This structure helps to mitigate the risk of serious injury or fatality during rollover accidents. ROPS frames are a vital safety measure that are mandated by regulations to ensure the well-being of excavator operators.
42. Cable avoidance tools (CATs) can detect a variety of buried services. What type of material do they have limitations in locating?
Cable avoidance tools (CATs) have limitations in locating non-conductive materials, such as plastic pipes and fiber optic cables.
43. If travelling with a load, name FIVE factors that must be taken into account by the operator before moving.
When operating an excavator weighing above 10 tonnes and carrying a load, the operator must consider the following five factors before moving:
1. Load Stability: Ensure the load is properly secured to prevent shifting or falling during transport.
2. Ground Conditions: Assess the stability and suitability of the surface to avoid terrain-related accidents or sinking.
3. Obstructions: Identify any obstacles in the work area that may impede safe movement or pose a risk to the load.
4. Overhead Hazards: Take into account the proximity of overhead power lines, trees, or structures that may pose a danger while moving with the load.
5. Visibility: Confirm clear sightlines for the operator to see and anticipate potential obstacles or risks during transportation.
44. According to legislation, when are check valves and a rated capacity or load moment indicator required?
Check valves and a rated capacity or load moment indicator are required for excavators 360° above 10 tonnes when they are used lifting personnel. Legislation dictates that these safety measures must be in place to minimize the risk of accidents and ensure safe operation. It is important to comply with these requirements to protect the welfare of workers and prevent potential hazards.
45. If a yellow-coloured marker tape is unearthed during excavating, which TWO types of services could this indicate?
The yellow marker tape typically indicates underground services like gas or oil pipelines and electrical cables. It is important to stop excavation work immediately if marker tape is found to prevent damage to these services. Contact the utility company responsible for the services to evaluate further and ensure safe excavation.
46. If a trench has a depth of 2 metres: a) What is the minimum distance to maintain from the edge of the trench when placing spoil and b) explain why?
a) The minimum distance to maintain from the edge of the trench when placing spoil with an Excavator 360° above 10 tonnes is typically 1.5 times the depth of the trench. In this case, it would be 3 meters.
b) This distance is necessary to ensure safety and prevent the collapse of the trench walls. Placing spoil too close to the edge increases the risk of soil movement, undermining the stability of the trench and increasing the potential for cave-ins. Maintaining a safe distance helps to minimize the risk of accidents and protects workers from harm.
47. Using the lifting capacity diagram for A59: a) if the machine is equipped with a 2.5 m long dipper, what is the maximum lifting capacity in tonnes at a 6 m radius/reach over the sides of the track with the load at 3 m height b) in principle, if a longer dipper is fitted, what effect does that have on the lifting capacity (assuming same size bucket and
48. If the accessory attachment point is not part of the bucket, give TWO reasons why it should be removed.
The accessory attachment point should be removed if it is not part of the bucket for two reasons:
1. Safety: Removing the attachment point eliminates potential hazards as objects or materials could get caught or entangled, causing accidents or damage to the excavator.
2. Efficiency: Removing the attachment point ensures smooth operation of the bucket, preventing any interference with its functionality. This improves productivity by allowing the bucket to perform its intended tasks without any hindrance.
49. What is regarded as the danger or hazard zone during a lifting operation?
The danger zone during a lifting operation with a 360° excavator above 10 tonnes includes the area around the lifting equipment and the load being lifted. This zone extends horizontally and vertically, with potential hazards from the swinging radius and raised boom of the excavator. It is crucial to ensure that this danger zone is properly demarcated and that unauthorized personnel are kept clear of it. Safety measures, such as barriers and warning signs, should be implemented to prevent accidents and protect workers on-site. Always follow appropriate safety guidelines and seek professional advice for specific situations.
50. Which parts of the machine is the radius (for lifting) measured from?
The radius for lifting of a 360° excavator above 10 tonnes is typically measured from the center of rotation of the machine, also known as the swing center. This is the point where the machine pivots during operation. It is important to ensure that the radius is measured accurately and accounted for when lifting loads to maintain stability and avoid accidents.
51. Why is it important that the bucket/attachment is lowered and the engine switched off before the operator exits the cab?
Lowering the bucket/attachment and switching off the engine before exiting the cab of an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes is important for safety reasons. This ensures that the machine is stable and that there is no accidental movement or operation while the operator is not in control. It reduces the risk of accidents and injuries to both the operator and others nearby. It is a standard practice in the construction industry to follow this procedure to maintain a safe working environment.
52. If setting up to excavate in a confined area, name TWO things that should be taken into account before starting.
When setting up an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes in a confined area, two important considerations are the stability of the machine and the presence of any underground utilities. Ensure the excavator is stable on the ground and adequately supported to prevent tipping. Additionally, it is crucial to identify and locate any underground utilities such as gas, water, or electricity, to prevent damage and ensure safety. These factors should be thoroughly assessed before commencing excavation work to mitigate risks and ensure a safe working environment.
53. If checking the oil level using a dipstick, why must gloves be worn?
Gloves must be worn when checking the oil level using a dipstick on an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes to protect your hands from the hot engine components and to prevent injury from sharp edges or moving parts. It is a safety precaution to avoid burns, cuts, or other hazards associated with handling machinery and its components.
54. What is the purpose of a risk assessment?
The purpose of a risk assessment for a 360° excavator above 10 tonnes is to identify potential hazards and assess their associated risks on site. It helps determine what control measures are needed to mitigate those risks and ensure the safety of workers and others affected by the excavation work. It also helps comply with legal requirements, such as the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Ultimately, a risk assessment is a proactive approach to prevent accidents, injuries, and damage during the use of the excavator.
55. On both tracked and wheeled types: a) what differs between lifting over the side compared to over the front or the rear of the machine? b) Explain why.
a) When lifting over the side of an excavator, it requires additional stability due to the lateral weight distribution. Lifting over the front or rear of the machine allows for more balanced weight distribution and better stability.
b) This is because the excavator's boom and arm, when extended, add extra weight to the front or rear of the machine, helping to counterbalance the load being lifted. Lifting over the side can cause the machine to become unbalanced, potentially compromising stability and safety.
56. What effect can a swinging load have on an excavator?
A swinging load on an excavator can cause instability, putting the machine at risk of tipping or overturning. It can also damage the excavator's hydraulic systems and attachments, leading to costly repairs. Additionally, a swinging load can pose a safety hazard to nearby workers, as it increases the chance of accidents, injuries, or even fatalities. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that loads are properly secured, and operators follow correct lifting procedures to avoid swinging loads.
57. Describe a physical method of checking that a bucket is fully secured to the quick-hitch coupler prior to work.
To ensure the bucket is securely attached to the quick-hitch coupler, physically check for the following:
1. Inspect the Quick-Hitch mechanism for any signs of damage or wear.
2. Verify that the bucket pins are properly aligned with the coupler's attachment points.
3. Visually confirm that the safety locking devices, such as pins or latches, are engaged and fully secured.
4. Apply gentle pressure or give a light shake on the bucket to ensure it remains firmly attached to the coupler.
5. Conduct a final visual inspection to ensure there are no visible gaps or movement between the bucket and the coupler.
Always consult the manufacturer's guidelines and receive proper training before undertaking any tasks.
58. Name FOUR different types or levels of disciplinary actions or sanctions that can be applied (by employers and judicial bodies) to operators of plant who do not comply with or follow legislation and regulations.
There are several types of disciplinary actions or sanctions that can be applied to operators of plant who do not comply with legislation and regulations:
1. Verbal Warning: Employers can issue a verbal warning to operators, emphasizing the need for compliance and the potential consequences of non-compliance.
2. Written Warning: Employers can provide a written warning to operators, outlining the specific non-compliance issues and the potential escalation of disciplinary actions if the behavior continues.
3. Suspension: Employers can suspend operators for a designated period, giving them time to reflect on their non-compliance and the importance of adhering to regulations.
4. Termination of Employment: In severe cases, employers may need to terminate the employment of operators if repeated non-compliance persists, indicating a disregard for safety and regulations. Judicial bodies may also impose fines or other legal sanctions, depending on the severity of the non-compliance.
59. The operator has to fit and use a new bucket using a quick-hitch coupler that they are unfamiliar with. What do Regulations (i.e. PUWER 98) and other guidance require the operator to have?
Regulations such as PUWER 98 require operators of excavators above 10 tonnes to be adequately trained and competent to operate the equipment. Additionally, operators should receive specific training for using quick-hitch couplers and attaching new buckets. This training should cover the correct procedure for connecting and disconnecting the bucket, ensuring it is secured and carried out safely. The operator may also need to be familiarized with the manufacturer's instructions and any other relevant guidance provided by the equipment manufacturer or industry bodies.
60. Why should an excavator be re-fuelled at the end of the day?
Re-fuelling an excavator at the end of the day ensures it is ready for use the next day. This practice helps prevent fuel shortage delays and ensures smooth operation on site. It is essential to maintain efficiency and productivity in construction projects. Proper refuelling also helps avoid unnecessary wear and tear on the machine, ensuring its longevity. Overall, refuelling at the end of the day is a best practice for construction site management.
61. Why must the seat belt be worn, even with the cab door closed?
The seat belt must be worn for safety reasons, even with the closed cab door, because accidents can happen. Wearing the seat belt reduces the risk of being thrown from the seat during sudden stops or collisions. It helps to prevent serious injuries or even fatalities. The seat belt is a crucial safety measure that should always be used to protect the operator.
62. What makes up the total (or gross) weight of a load that is to be lifted?
The total weight of a load to be lifted by an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes consists of the weight of the object being lifted (e.g., construction materials), any attachments or accessories being used (e.g., buckets or grapples), and any additional weights like slings or rigging used for lifting purposes. It is important to consider the total weight to ensure the excavator has the necessary lifting capacity and that all safety guidelines are followed.
63. If the machine's rated capacity/object handling capacity chart is not available for reference, what other method can be used to determine the machine's lifting capacity?
If the machine's capacity chart is unavailable, the lifting capacity of an excavator can be determined by using the machine's specification manual or consulting with the manufacturer. It is important to obtain accurate information about the excavator's specifications, including the maximum lifting capacity, boom length, and angle, in order to calculate the safe lifting capacity. However, it is highly recommended to consult with a qualified engineer or crane specialist before attempting any lifts without the official capacity chart. Remember, safety should always be the top priority.
64. State the purpose of the check valve(s) located on the boom cylinder rams.
The check valve on the boom cylinder rams prevent the boom from lowering unexpectedly. It maintains pressure in the cylinder, preventing it from collapsing. This safety feature ensures stability during operation.
65. What particular and specific hazards can affect the stability of the machine when working on old industrial (brownfield) sites?
When working on old industrial sites, several hazards can affect the stability of an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes. These include unstable ground conditions, such as soft or weak soil, underground voids, or contaminated land. Other hazards include buried obstacles, such as old foundations or structures, and hidden underground services like pipes or cables. Lack of proper compaction or inadequate soil bearing capacity may also contribute to stability issues. It is crucial to conduct thorough site surveys, ground investigations, and obtain relevant historical information to mitigate these hazards and ensure safe machine operations.
66. Explain the purpose of a lift plan.
A lift plan is essential for the safe execution of lifting operations involving an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes. It helps identify potential hazards, determine appropriate equipment and methods, establish clear communication, and ensure compliance with legal requirements. The plan includes factors like load weight, lift points, rigging arrangement, and crane capacity. By detailing these critical aspects, the lift plan minimizes risks, prevents accidents, and safeguards workers, equipment, and the surrounding environment. It serves as a documented reference that guides the safe and efficient execution of lifting operations.
67. The safe working load (SWL) or working load limit (WLL) of a multi-leg chain sling only applies in what TWO conditions or configurations?
The safe working load (SWL) or working load limit (WLL) of a multi-leg chain sling applies when the legs are evenly loaded and the included angle between the legs is within the specified range. Both conditions must be met for the SWL or WLL to be valid.
68. What is the nearest distance allowed to gas pipes when excavating with the machine?
The nearest distance allowed to gas pipes when excavating with a 360° above 10-tonne excavator is determined by regulations set out in the Health and Safety Executive's guidelines. These guidelines state that the minimum distance is 500mm when excavating near gas pipes. It is important to adhere to these regulations to ensure the safety of workers and prevent potential accidents or damage to the gas pipes. Always consult the relevant safety regulations for specific requirements in your area.
69. The operator has been asked to drive the machine onto a transporter/trailer. a) Who is responsible for the loading operations and b) state FOUR actions to be considered by the operator before loading commences?
a) The responsibility for loading operations lies with the operator of the excavator 360° above 10 tonnes.
b) Here are four actions the operator should consider before loading commences:
1. Ensure that the transporter/trailer is suitable and in good condition for the load.
2. Verify the weight and dimensions of the excavator, making sure it is within the transporter/trailer's capacity.
3. Securely fasten any loose parts or attachments on the excavator to prevent them from causing damage or falling off during transportation.
4. Inspect the loading ramp and surrounding area for any potential hazards or obstacles that could interfere with the loading process.
70. What is the purpose of the counterweight of the machine?
The counterweight of an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes is designed to counterbalance the weight of the machine's boom and attachment, preventing it from tipping over. It helps maintain stability and safety during lifting and digging operations.
71. When must a banksman/signaller be used before moving an excavator?
A banksman/signaller is required before moving an excavator that weighs over 10 tonnes. This is to ensure safe operation and to help the operator navigate blind spots and other potential hazards. The banksman/signaller works in tandem with the operator to direct and guide the movement of the excavator, making sure that it is done safely and without causing harm to people or property. It is a crucial step in maintaining construction site safety and should be followed as per industry regulations.
72. If the operator has to top-up the hydraulic oil, state TWO precautions to ensure cleanliness of the system.
The two precautions to ensure cleanliness of the hydraulic system while topping up the hydraulic oil are:
1. Cleanliness: Ensure that the area surrounding the fill point is clean to prevent any dirt or debris from entering the system. Use clean tools and equipment to handle the hydraulic oil.
2. Filtering: Use a proper filtration system when adding or replacing hydraulic oil to remove any contaminants present. This will help maintain the cleanliness and integrity of the hydraulic system.
73. Apart from the operator, who else may need to use the machine's Operator's Manual?
Apart from the operator, other individuals who may need to refer to the machine's Operator's Manual include maintenance technicians, supervisors or team leaders overseeing the use of the excavator, and health and safety personnel responsible for ensuring compliance with regulations. It is essential for everyone involved in the operation and maintenance of the machine to have access to and understand the information contained in the Operator's Manual.
74. When working in a confined area or space: a) what danger can be present with regards to the counterweight of the machine, b) when should measures be taken and c) what measures should be implemented?
a) The counterweight of a 360° excavator above 10 tonnes can pose a danger in a confined area as it increases the risk of tipping over or causing damage to surrounding structures.
b) Measures should be taken when working in confined areas to address this danger and ensure safety.
c) To mitigate the risk, measures like maintaining a safe distance from structures, using appropriate ground support, and ensuring proper stability calculations should be implemented. Additionally, using a spotter or a signal person can help ensure safe maneuvering in confined spaces.
75. Give TWO examples of where The Work at Height Regulations may apply to 360 excavator operations.
1. When using the excavator to access work areas at height, such as working on scaffolding or platform structures.
2. When carrying out lifting operations with the excavator, such as moving materials or equipment to elevated positions.
76. When an object needs to be lifted on a site, what should be the first consideration of planning?
The first consideration in planning to lift an object on a construction site with a 360° excavator above 10 tonnes is to assess the weight, size, and dimensions of the object. This information will determine the appropriate lifting equipment required and any potential limitations. Additionally, the site should be evaluated to ensure there is sufficient space and a safe working area for the lift. It is also essential to consider any potential obstacles, access points, and any relevant health and safety regulations that need to be adhered to during the lifting operation.
77. What are the possible outcomes of prosecution for not complying with legislation and regulations?
Possible outcomes of non-compliance with legislation and regulations for an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes include fines, penalties, legal proceedings, and potential damage to reputation. Prosecution may lead to financial consequences, such as substantial fines or compensation payments. Legal proceedings can be time-consuming and costly. Non-compliance may also result in reputational harm, impacting future business opportunities. It is crucial to adhere to legislation and regulations to ensure a safe and compliant working environment.
78. Before leaving the cab for a rest break, after parking and switching off the machine, what final action must be carried out?
Before leaving the cab for a rest break, after parking and switching off the machine, the final action that must be carried out is engaging the parking brake.
79. During work, the engine starts to overheat. Explain the danger if someone tries to remove the radiator or expansion tank cap.
Removing the radiator or expansion tank cap while the engine is overheating can be dangerous. The hot coolant under pressure can cause severe burns if it splashes onto the person attempting to remove the cap. Additionally, releasing the pressure abruptly can cause the boiling coolant to spray out, potentially causing burns and injuries to nearby individuals. It is important to allow the engine to cool down before attempting to remove any cooling system caps to avoid accidents and ensure personal safety.
80. What does the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act require employers to do, specifically regarding plant?
The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act requires employers to ensure the health and safety of their workers and others who may be affected by their work. Specifically in relation to plant, employers must provide safe systems of work and maintain a safe working environment. This includes ensuring that excavators 360° above 10 tonnes are properly maintained, inspected, and operated by competent personnel. Employers should also provide information, instruction, and training to employees on how to safely use the plant and mitigate any risks associated with its operation.
81. What needs to be inspected on a quick-hitch coupler when attaching lifting accessories to lift slung loads?
When attaching lifting accessories to lift slung loads using a quick-hitch coupler on an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes, you should inspect the coupler for any signs of damage, wear, or defects. Check that all locking mechanisms, pins, and bolts are secure and in good working condition. Ensure that the coupler is compatible with the lifting accessories and that they are properly aligned and attached. Finally, verify that the lifting capacity of the coupler and the excavator is sufficient for the weight of the slung load.
82. How can a qualification or card benefit a plant operator?
A qualification or card can benefit a plant operator by demonstrating their competency and expertise in operating an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes. It provides assurance to employers and clients that they are qualified to safely and efficiently operate the equipment. It can increase employability, as many employers require operators to hold relevant qualifications or cards. Additionally, it can enhance career progression opportunities, as operators with qualifications or cards often have more advanced knowledge and skills, making them more marketable in the construction industry. It also ensures compliance with industry standards and health and safety regulations.
83. What is the meaning of this hand signal (being demonstrated by the tester)?
The hand signal being demonstrated by the tester indicates that an excavator of 360° rotation, weighing above 10 tonnes, is present. It serves as a visual warning to ensure the safety of those in the vicinity of the machine. It is crucial to be familiar with and understand these hand signals to avoid accidents on construction sites.
84. What factors determine the shoring requirements of a trench?
The shoring requirements of a trench are determined by several factors. These include the soil type, depth of the trench, groundwater level, adjacent structures, and the duration of the excavation. Soil type plays a crucial role as more unstable soils typically require more robust shoring systems. The depth of the trench affects the pressure exerted by the soil on the sides, requiring adequate shoring to prevent collapse. Groundwater level can increase the risk of instability and may necessitate additional shoring. Adjacent structures need protection from potential settlement or damage. Finally, the duration of the excavation determines the need for temporary or permanent shoring solutions.
85. Give FOUR reasons that may cause the machine to tip over - forwards and/or sideways.
Four reasons that may cause a 360° excavator above 10 tonnes to tip over, either forwards or sideways, are:
1. Uneven ground or sloping terrain, which can destabilize the machine.
2. Overloading or unbalanced loads, disrupting the excavator's stability.
3. Inadequate outrigger or stabilizer deployment, compromising support.
4. Inaccurate or improper operation, such as sudden movements or incorrect use of boom and bucket, leading to instability.
86. What is the definition of, or how can a hazard be described?
A hazard refers to anything that poses a risk of harm or injury. In the context of an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes, hazards can include but are not limited to: potential collisions with other vehicles or objects, risks associated with working at height, dangers of falling objects, instability of the machine on uneven ground, and exposure to harmful substances or noisy environments. These hazards can lead to accidents, injuries, or even fatalities if not properly managed or mitigated.
87. If attaching accessories to a quick-hitch coupler, give TWO reasons why the coupler should be tilted in the downwards position (ram extended)?
Tilting the coupler downwards with the ram extended when attaching accessories to a quick-hitch coupler on an excavator 360° above 10 tonnes is necessary for two key reasons. First, it allows for better alignment between the coupler and the attachment, making it easier to secure them together. Secondly, tilting the coupler downwards helps prevent any potential interference or damage to the attachment or the coupler during the attachment process.