1. If the crane has to cross the public highway from one part of a site to another, the Road Traffic Act normally applies. a) What type of licence and which class should the operator hold and b) what is the stipulated minimum age?
a) In order to operate a crawler crane weighing above 10 tonnes on a public highway, the operator typically needs to hold a category HGV (Heavy Goods Vehicle) licence with the appropriate class. This licence ensures that the operator is qualified to handle large vehicles and comply with the legal requirements of operating on public roads.
b) The stipulated minimum age for holding the required licence may vary depending on the specific circumstances and location. However, it is generally 18 years old for an HGV licence in the UK. It's important to check with the relevant authorities to confirm any age requirements.
2. During the lifting operation, part of the task cannot be carried out as detailed in the lift plan. a) What initially must happen to the lifting operation and b) who authorises any changes?
a) When a part of the lifting operation cannot be carried out as detailed in the lift plan, it is crucial to immediately halt the operation to ensure safety. The lifting operation should not proceed until the issue is resolved and the necessary adjustments are made to the lift plan. This is to prevent any accidents or hazards that may arise from deviating from the original plan.
b) Any changes to the lift plan should be authorized by a designated person with the required competence and authority. This could be a qualified supervisor, a lifting operations manager, or someone with similar expertise and responsibility. The authorization ensures that any modifications or deviations are appropriate and compliant with safety regulations.
3. If the words STOP NOW are given to the crane operator by radio during the lift, what action must the operator take?
If the words "STOP NOW" are given to the crane operator by radio during the lift, the operator must immediately stop the crane's movement and secure the load in its current position. This is a crucial safety measure to prevent any potential accidents or mishaps during the lift. Once the situation has been assessed and resolved, further instructions or actions can be taken as necessary.
4. If a load of 40 tonnes is lifted on four falls or lines of rope, what is the tension in each fall or line?
To find the tension in each fall or line, we divide the load of 40 tonnes by the number of falls or lines (4 in this case). Therefore, the tension in each fall or line would be 40 tonnes divided by 4, which is 10 tonnes.
5. If assisting in fitting a fly jib to the crane, why is it important that the manufacturers' procedures are followed precisely?
Following the manufacturer's procedures precisely when fitting a fly jib to a crawler crane above 10 tonnes is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it ensures that the installation is done correctly, minimizing the risk of accidents or structural failures. Secondly, it guarantees that the crane will perform optimally, maintaining its lifting capacity and stability. Thirdly, it is likely to be a requirement under the Health and Safety regulations to comply with the manufacturer's guidance. Lastly, adhering to the procedures maintains the crane's warranty and helps preserve its resale value. Overall, it is essential to prioritize safety, performance, compliance, and value by following the manufacturer's instructions meticulously.
6. In what situation does a hard hat NOT need to be worn when operating a crawler crane?
A hard hat should be worn when operating a crawler crane in all circumstances. It is a mandatory safety measure to protect the operator's head from potential falling objects, flying debris, or any other hazards present on the construction site. Operating heavy machinery, such as a crawler crane above 10 tonnes, entails certain risks, and wearing a hard hat is an important precautionary measure. It is crucial to prioritize safety and adhere to the required personal protective equipment (PPE) guidelines at all times.
7. Name TWO things that happen if the hoist rope is not vertical when lifting a load.
If the hoist rope is not vertical when lifting a load with a crawler crane above 10 tonnes, two potential consequences could be:
1. Increased stress on the crane's structural components due to uneven load distribution. This can lead to reduced stability and potentially damage the crane's framework.
2. Increased wear and tear on the hoist rope itself, particularly on certain sections that are subjected to greater strain. Over time, this can weaken the rope and increase the risk of failure, potentially causing accidents or dropped loads.
Vertical alignment is crucial to maintain safe lifting operations and prevent unnecessary strain on the crane and its components.
8. What makes up the total (or gross) weight of a load that is to be lifted?
The total weight of a load that is to be lifted by a crawler crane above 10 tonnes consists of several components. Firstly, you have the weight of the actual object or material being lifted. This includes any attachments or additional equipment that may be present. Additionally, you need to consider the weight of any rigging or lifting gear used to secure and hoist the load. Finally, the weight of any additional equipment, such as spreader beams or lifting frames, should also be taken into account. By adding up these various components, you arrive at the total or gross weight of the load.
9. What THREE main duties of The Health and Safety at Work Act must employees follow?
Employees have three main duties under the Health and Safety at Work Act. First, they must take reasonable care of their own health and safety, as well as that of others who may be affected by their actions. Second, they must cooperate with their employer on matters concerning health and safety. Finally, they must use any provided safety equipment correctly and follow any safety procedures that have been established. These duties are essential for maintaining a safe working environment and reducing the risk of accidents and injuries.
10. a) What determines the minimum distances that any part of plant and machinery has to be kept from over head electricity lines and b) explain why a distance should be kept.
a) The minimum distances that any part of a crawler crane above 10 tonnes has to be kept from overhead electricity lines are determined by regulations and guidelines. These can vary, but typically a minimum clearance distance is set to ensure the safety of both the equipment operator and those working on the ground.
b) Keeping a distance from overhead electricity lines is crucial because contact with these lines can pose serious risks, including electric shock, fires, and even fatalities. Maintaining a safe distance helps to prevent accidental contact, while also ensuring that the equipment can operate efficiently without any interference from the electricity lines.
11. a) Which part of the crane applies loading or pressure to the ground and b) name TWO ways that pressure can be reduced.
a) The part of a crawler crane above 10 tonnes that applies loading or pressure to the ground is the tracks or crawlers.
b) Two ways that pressure can be reduced are by spreading the load over a larger ground area using outriggers or by using crane mats/timber pads to distribute the load more evenly. It is important to follow the manufacturer's guidance and consider ground conditions to ensure safe and efficient operation.
12. The operator has to use a new model of crawler crane that they are unfamiliar with. What do Regulations (i.e. LOLER 98) and other guidance require the operator to have?
According to LOLER 98 regulations and guidance, the operator of a new model crawler crane above 10 tonnes must have the necessary training, skills, and knowledge to operate the crane safely. This includes adequate familiarization with the specific model and its controls, including any new features or technology. The operator should undergo appropriate training and be competent in the safe operation of crawler cranes, ensuring adherence to all relevant safety procedures and manufacturer instructions. Training records and certifications should be kept on-site as evidence of compliance.
13. If checking the oil level using a dipstick, why must gloves be worn?
Gloves should be worn when checking the oil level using a dipstick on a crawler crane above 10 tonnes for safety reasons. Oil can be hot and may cause burns if it comes into contact with bare skin. Gloves provide a protective barrier and help prevent injury. Furthermore, wearing gloves can prevent the transmission of oil and contaminants onto the dipstick, ensuring a more accurate reading of the oil level. It is important to prioritize safety measures while conducting maintenance checks to minimize the risk of accidents and injuries.
14. If a load is slewed too fast for its size, what TWO factors must the operator and signaller take into account?
When operating a crawler crane above 10 tonnes, if the load is being slewed too fast for its size, the operator and signaller must consider two factors: stability and safety. Firstly, the operator should ensure that the crane remains stable during the slewing operation to prevent tipping or overturning. Secondly, the signaller needs to assess the surrounding area to ensure the safety of both personnel and equipment. By taking these factors into account, the operator and signaller can work together to mitigate any potential risks and ensure the safe and efficient operation of the crawler crane.
15. When slewing with a load, where should the operator be looking?
When slewing a crawler crane above 10 tonnes with a load, the operator should primarily be looking in the direction of the load movement. This helps ensure proper positioning and safe operation. However, the operator should also periodically scan their surroundings to maintain awareness of potential hazards or obstacles. It is essential to follow the specific guidance provided in the crane's operating manual and undertake suitable training to ensure the safe operation of the equipment.
16. When parking the crane at the end of the shift, name THREE places where the machine should NOT be parked.
When parking a crawler crane above 10 tonnes at the end of the shift, it should NOT be parked in the following places:
1. In the vicinity of power lines or other overhead obstructions that may pose a risk of contact during crane operation.
2. On unstable or soft ground, as it could cause the crane to tip or sink.
3. In busy pedestrian or vehicular areas, as this may pose a safety hazard.
It is important to ensure that the crane is parked in a safe and appropriate location to prevent accidents, damage, or inconvenience to others.
17. If a load is slewed rather quickly, what TWO initial effects does it have on the load whilst slewing?
When a load is swiftly slewed on a crawler crane weighing above 10 tonnes, two initial effects can occur.
1. There will be a centrifugal force acting on the load, which can cause it to swing outward due to its momentum.
2. The load may experience increased dynamic forces due to the rapid movement, potentially resulting in additional stress on the rigging and potential swinging or oscillation of the load. These effects highlight the need for careful control and considerations while slewing to prevent any accidents or damage to the load and surrounding area.
18. On a busy construction site, how would the slinger/signaller be identified to the crane operator?
On a busy construction site, the slinger/signaller can be identified to the crane operator through the use of specific signals and hand gestures. A standardized set of signals is commonly used within the construction industry in the UK. These signals are typically communicated using hand signals and/or a communication system, such as two-way radios or loudspeakers. The slinger/signaller's role is to ensure safe lifting operations by directing and communicating with the crane operator. Proper identification and understanding of the signals is crucial for effective coordination and safety on the site.
19. Before leaving the cab for a rest break, after parking and switching off the machine, what final action must be carried out?
Before leaving the cab for a rest break, after parking and switching off the machine, it is crucial to ensure that the crawler crane is securely immobilized or parked following the manufacturer's guidelines. This typically involves engaging the parking brake, lowering the boom onto suitable supports, and deploying outriggers if necessary. It is important to follow these steps to prevent any unintended movement of the crane while unattended.
20. If asked to travel with a suspended load, name FIVE factors that must be taken into account by the operator before moving.
The operator of a crawler crane above 10 tonnes must consider the following five factors before moving with a suspended load:
1. Load weight: Ensure the crane’s lifting capacity can handle it.
2. Load stability: Verify the load is secured and balanced adequately.
3. Ground conditions: Assess if the terrain is stable and able to support the crane and load.
4. Environmental factors: Account for wind speed, weather conditions, and visibility that may affect safe movement.
5. Obstacles and clearances: Check for any potential obstacles or overhead clearances that could interfere with the movement of the load.
These factors are crucial in ensuring the safety and successful transport of the suspended load.
21. On cranes fitted with two travel levers, if both travel levers are pushed forwards when the track motor/drive sprockets are in front of the cab, traditionally, in which direction would the machine move?
When both travel levers are pushed forwards on a crawler crane above 10 tonnes, and the track motor/drive sprockets are in front of the cab, the machine traditionally moves forwards. By pushing the levers forwards, the machine engages the track motor/drive sprockets to drive the tracks in a forward direction, resulting in the crane moving forward.
22. Give TWO examples of where The Work at Height Regulations may apply to crawler crane operations.
The Work at Height Regulations may apply to crawler crane operations in two scenarios.
1. When workers are operating or carrying out maintenance on the crawler crane itself at a significant height above the ground.
2. When the crawler crane is being used to lift or handle loads at a height, posing a risk of falling objects or the need for workers to access the load above the ground level.
In both cases, the regulations aim to ensure the safety of workers and to prevent accidents caused by falls from height or falling objects.
23. What does The Health and Safety at Work Act require employers to do with regards specifically to plant?
The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to ensure that the use of plant, including crawler cranes above 10 tonnes, is safe for their employees and others who may be affected by their work. This includes maintaining the plant in good working condition, providing suitable training and instruction to operators, and implementing measures to prevent risks arising from the use of the plant. Regular inspections and assessments of the plant should also be carried out to identify and manage any potential hazards.
24. a) What is meant by the lifting capacity of the crane and b) who determines it?
a) The lifting capacity of a crawler crane refers to the maximum weight it can safely lift and lower. It is typically measured in tonnes or pounds. This information helps determine the suitability of the crane for specific construction tasks.
b) The lifting capacity of a crawler crane is determined by the manufacturer. They conduct thorough testing and evaluation procedures to establish the crane's capabilities, taking into account factors such as the design, structural integrity, and hydraulic systems. Compliance with relevant industry standards and regulations also plays a role in determining the crane's lifting capacity.
25. The number of falls has been changed on the hook block. How has this action affected the RCI?
Changing the number of falls on the hook block of a crawler crane above 10 tonnes can affect the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) in multiple ways. The RCI determines the load capacity of a crane based on various factors, including the number of falls. By increasing or decreasing the number of falls, the RCI may need to be recalibrated to accurately reflect the new load capacity. It is important to consult the crane manufacturer's guidelines and obtain expert advice to ensure the safe and correct operation of the crane after any changes to its configuration.
26. What is the purpose of a roll or ROPS frame?
The purpose of a roll or ROPS (Roll Over Protection System) frame on a crawler crane above 10 tonnes is to provide protection to the operator in the event of a potential rollover incident. The frame is designed to withstand the impact and provide a safe space for the operator in case of tipping or rolling over. This safety feature helps reduce the risk of serious injury or fatality in such situations. It is a vital component in ensuring the safety of operators working with heavy machinery in the construction industry.
27. a) What is the minimum distance allowed near open trenches when travelling the crane and b) explain why?
a) The minimum distance allowed near open trenches when a crawler crane above 10 tonnes is travelling is typically dependent on the specific regulations of the construction site and the local authorities. It is vital to consult the site-specific health and safety guidelines to determine the exact distance.
b) The reason for having a minimum distance near open trenches when the crane is travelling is to ensure the safety of workers and mitigate the risk of accidents. The weight and movement of a crawler crane can potentially cause the trench walls to collapse, leading to serious injuries or fatalities. Maintaining a safe distance helps to reduce these risks and ensures the integrity of the trench and surrounding areas.
28. Using the lifting capacity diagram for A02: a) what is the maximum lifting capacity and b) what is the lifting capacity in kg at 24 metre radius using a 32 metre boom/ jib?
29. The operator has been asked to drive the crane onto a transporter/trailer. a) Who is responsible for the loading operations and b) state FOUR actions to be considered by the operator before loading commences.
a) The person responsible for the loading operations is the crane operator.
b) Before loading commences, the operator should consider the following actions:
1. Ensure that the transporter/trailer is suitable and secure for the crane's weight and dimensions.
2. Check that the loading area is clear of obstacles and obstacles that may hinder the loading process.
3. Confirm that all necessary rigging equipment and attachments are in good working condition.
4. Communicate and coordinate with any personnel involved in the loading process, ensuring proper signals and safety measures are in place.
30. Give FOUR reasons that may cause the crane to overturn.
There are several reasons that can lead a crawler crane weighing over 10 tonnes to overturn.
1. Inadequate ground conditions or uneven terrain can destabilize the crane's stability.
2. Exceeding the crane's weight capacity by overloading it can also cause tipping.
3. Improper assembly or installation of the crane can compromise its stability.
4. Sudden environmental factors such as strong winds or unexpected ground movements can lead to overturning.
It is crucial to adhere to safety guidelines, ensure proper maintenance, and consider external conditions to prevent such incidents.
31. Using the Operator's Manual, state the figure for setting the track tension. Note: The Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
In order to provide accurate information regarding the figure for setting the track tension on a crawler crane above 10 tonnes, it is essential to refer to the specific Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test. The Operator's Manual will contain the necessary instructions and guidance for setting the track tension on the crane. I would recommend carefully consulting the relevant section of the Operator's Manual to obtain the correct figure. It is crucial to have the Operator's Manual available to access the accurate and up-to-date information required.
32. Name THREE ways in which wind speed can affect the lifting operation.
Wind speed can affect a lifting operation in three ways. Firstly, high wind speeds can increase the risk of instability, especially when lifting heavy loads. It can cause the crane to sway or tip over, putting the safety of the workers at risk. Secondly, strong winds can affect the accuracy and control of the crane, making it more difficult to position the load correctly. Lastly, gusty winds can create unpredictable forces on the load, making it harder to maintain stability during the lifting process. It is essential to monitor and consider wind conditions to ensure a safe and successful lifting operation.
33. Which parts of the crane is the radius (for lifting) measured from?
The radius for lifting in a crawler crane above 10 tonnes is typically measured from the center point of the crane's swing circle. This center point is usually referred to as the crane's "slew ring" or "turntable." From this point, the radius extends to the outer edge of the load being lifted. It's important to accurately measure and calculate the radius in order to ensure safe and efficient lifting operations on site.
34. A crawler crane has been delivered to site, assembled and configured for lifting. What must be carried out before lifting starts and by whom?
Before lifting starts, several important checks and actions must be carried out by competent personnel. Firstly, the lifting plan should be reviewed and approved by the appointed person. The ground conditions, including stability and load-bearing capacity, should be assessed by a geotechnical specialist. The crane operator must inspect the machine, checking for any defects or malfunctions. The appointed slinger/signaller should ensure that the lifting area is clear and that proper communication measures are in place. Additionally, suitable lifting accessories for the load should be inspected and maintained. These responsibilities are typically undertaken by the lifting operations team and relevant specialists.
35. The safe working load or working load limit (SWL/WLL) of a multi-leg chain sling only applies in what TWO conditions or configuration?
The safe working load or working load limit (SWL/WLL) of a multi-leg chain sling applies in two conditions or configurations: when the legs are evenly loaded and when the angles between the legs are within the specified range. These conditions ensure that the load distribution is balanced and the sling is not subjected to excessive stress or strain. It is important to adhere to these conditions to ensure proper usage and to maintain safety when using a crawler crane above 10 tonnes.
36. How does the rope or line length affect load swings?
The length of the rope or line can influence load swings in a crawler crane above 10 tonnes. Longer ropes or lines can increase the pendulum effect, causing greater amplitude and swing when the load moves. This can result in more difficulty in controlling the load's movement and potentially increased safety risks. Alternatively, shorter ropes or lines can reduce the pendulum effect, resulting in reduced load swings and improved control. It is important to consider the working conditions, load weight, and other factors when determining the appropriate rope or line length for a crawler crane.
37. When working in a confined area or space: a) what danger can be present with regards to the counterweight of the machine, b) when should measures be taken and c) what measures should be implemented?
a) The danger with the counterweight of a crawler crane above 10 tonnes in a confined area is that it may strike people or objects, causing injury or damage.
b) Measures should be taken when operating in a confined area or space to mitigate this danger.
c) Measures that should be implemented include using a smaller counterweight, using a crane with a reduced slewing radius, employing spotters, erecting physical barriers, and establishing exclusion zones to keep people and objects clear of the counterweight's swing path. Regular communication and clear signage are also important.
38. a) What is the purpose of a Method Statement and b) what is required of the operator?
a) The purpose of a Method Statement is to outline the sequence of activities and necessary control measures for a specific task within the construction industry. It helps ensure safe and efficient work practices, outlining steps to minimize risks and hazards. The Method Statement also provides documentation for stakeholders, such as clients and regulatory authorities, detailing how the work will be undertaken.
b) The operator of a crawler crane above 10 tonnes is required to be competent, trained, and qualified. They must have the appropriate certification and follow industry regulations and guidelines. The operator should also conduct pre-operational checks, ensure the crane is in good working condition, and adhere to safe lifting practices to prevent accidents and injuries.
39. Name THREE ways in which an operator can minimise their impact upon the environment whilst using the machine.
Three ways in which an operator can minimise their impact upon the environment whilst using a crawler crane above 10 tonnes are:
1. Utilizing eco-friendly fuel options, such as biodiesel, to reduce emissions.
2. Implementing proper waste management practices on-site to ensure responsible disposal of materials.
3. Applying efficient operational techniques, such as idle reduction strategies and optimizing lifting plans, to reduce energy consumption and minimize environmental footprint.
40. a) How does the number of lines or falls of rope affect the lifting capacity for the crane and b) how is hoist speed affected when the number of lines (or falls of rope) is reduced?
a) The number of lines or falls of rope affects the lifting capacity of a crawler crane above 10 tonnes. The more lines or falls of rope, the more weight the crane can lift. Each line or fall doubles the lifting capacity. For example, if a crane with 1 line can lift 10 tonnes, then a crane with 2 lines can lift 20 tonnes.
b) When the number of lines or falls of rope is reduced, the hoist speed of the crane increases. This is because less weight is being lifted, so the motor can work with less resistance. However, it's worth noting that reducing the number of lines may also reduce the lifting capacity of the crane, so it's important to consider both factors when operating the crane.
41. Using the Operator's Manual, state the cold-starting procedure for the machine. Note: The Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
To provide you with an accurate cold-starting procedure for a crawler crane above 10 tonnes, I would need the specific make and model of the machine. Each crane may have slightly different starting procedures outlined in its operator's manual. Additionally, I am unable to reference the operator's manual as I am an AI and do not have access to such documents. However, I can suggest that you consult the operator's manual for the specific machine being used to obtain the correct cold-starting procedure.
42. Apart from the operator, who else may need to use the machine's Operator's Manual?
Apart from the operator, other personnel who may need to use the machine's Operator's Manual include maintenance technicians, supervisors, safety officers, and any other individuals involved in the operation, maintenance, or safety management of the crawler crane. The manual provides essential information about the machine's functions, maintenance procedures, and safety precautions to ensure proper operation and maintenance. It is crucial for all relevant personnel to familiarize themselves with the manual to ensure the safe and efficient use of the crane.
43. When would a fly jib or lattice extension be fitted and used?
A fly jib or lattice extension is typically fitted and used on a crawler crane above 10 tonnes when a longer reach is required for lifting operations. It allows the crane to extend its reach by attaching additional boom sections. This can be beneficial when lifting loads at greater heights or over obstacles such as buildings or other structures. The fly jib or lattice extension provides the crane with more versatility and flexibility in carrying out lifting tasks effectively and safely.
44. Only two legs of an 8 tonne four-legged chain sling are being used. What is the maximum load that can be lifted?
When using a four-legged chain sling, it is important to distribute the load evenly across all legs to ensure safety and efficiency. In your scenario, if only two legs of the 8 tonne four-legged chain sling are being used, the maximum load that can be safely lifted is not the full 8 tonnes. It would be recommended to consult the manufacturer's guidelines for the specific chain sling and conducting load calculations to determine the maximum load that can be lifted using only two legs of the sling.
45. Although not best practice, state the possible effect if lifting a load whilst facing downhill on a slope.
Lifting a load while facing downhill on a slope can have several possible effects, including an increased risk of instability and loss of control. The crane's center of gravity may shift, making it more prone to tipping over. The load may also become unstable and shift during lifting, leading to an uncontrolled swing or even a potential drop. Additionally, the sloping ground can affect the crane's stability and limit its ability to level itself properly. It is crucial to always follow best practice and ensure that the crane is operating on level ground to maintain safety standards.
46. How can a qualification or card benefit a crane operator?
Obtaining a qualification or card can greatly benefit a crawler crane operator in multiple ways. Firstly, it demonstrates their competency and compliance with industry standards, which can enhance their employability and career prospects. Secondly, it ensures they possess the necessary knowledge and skills to safely operate the crane, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries on site. Thirdly, some regulatory bodies or construction companies may require operators to hold a valid qualification or card as a mandatory requirement. Overall, having a qualification or card can enhance an operator's professionalism, reliability, and credibility in the construction industry.
47. If fitted, why should the seat belt be worn, even with the cab door closed?
Wearing a seat belt in a crawler crane above 10 tonnes is crucial for safety, even when the cab door is closed. Accidents can occur unexpectedly, leading to sudden movements within the cab. A seat belt ensures that the crane operator remains securely restrained and protected in the event of a mishap, reducing the risk of injury or ejection from the seat. It is essential to follow safety protocols and wear a seat belt at all times when operating heavy machinery to prioritize personal safety and adhere to regulatory requirements.
48. Where should the Operator's Manual be kept and why?
The Operator's Manual for a Crawler Crane above 10 tonnes should be kept in a readily accessible location in the crane cabin. This ensures that the manual is easily available to the operator at all times. The manual contains important information on safe operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting procedures specific to the crane. It serves as a valuable reference tool for the operator to ensure they are following manufacturer instructions and best practices. Additionally, the manual may be required to be presented during inspections or audits to demonstrate compliance with safety regulations.
49. Why should a crane be re-fuelled at the end of the day?
Cranes, particularly crawler cranes above 10 tonnes, should be refuelled at the end of the day to ensure they have enough fuel for the next day's operations. It is essential to maintain the crane's optimal performance and prevent any unexpected downtime due to fuel shortages. Additionally, refuelling at the end of each day helps to avoid potential condensation and water accumulation in the fuel tank, which could lead to engine problems over time. Overall, regular refuelling is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of the crane.
50. Wind speeds can be variable throughout the working day. What action must be taken to ensure safe working conditions are maintained?
To ensure safe working conditions while operating a crawler crane above 10 tonnes in variable wind speeds, several actions should be taken. First, consult the crane's manufacturer guidelines and follow their recommendations for safe operation in windy conditions. Second, regularly monitor wind speeds throughout the day using a reliable anemometer. If the wind speeds exceed the crane's operational limitations, suspend operations until the wind subsides. Additionally, provide proper training to crane operators regarding the safe procedures for working in different wind conditions, emphasizing the importance of caution and alertness. Finally, establish protocols to communicate wind speed updates and foster effective coordination among the crane team.
51. What are the possible outcomes of facing prosecution for not complying with legislation and regulations?
Facing prosecution for non-compliance with legislation and regulations related to crawler cranes above 10 tonnes can have several possible outcomes. These can include fines, penalties, or even imprisonment, depending on the severity of the non-compliance and the specific regulations violated. Additionally, a conviction for non-compliance may result in damage to a company's reputation, potential loss of business, and increased scrutiny from regulatory authorities. It is crucial for businesses operating crawler cranes to ensure full compliance with all applicable legislation and regulations to avoid these potential outcomes. Legal advice should be sought in such cases.
52. If radios are to be used during the lifting operations, what FIVE actions and checks must be made by the crane operator before use?
1. Verify that the radios are functioning properly by conducting a quick functionality test.
2. Check the frequency and ensure it is set to the appropriate channel for clear communication.
3. Assess the range of the radios to ensure that communication can be maintained throughout the lifting operation.
4. Confirm that the batteries are fully charged or have sufficient charge to last for the duration of the lifting operation.
5. Communicate with other personnel involved in the lifting operation to ascertain that everyone is using the same channel and understands the radio protocols.
53. Describe THREE stages and relevant actions that a crane operator undertakes during pre-use inspections, and required action if a defect is found?
During pre-use inspections of a crawler crane above 10 tonnes, there are three stages that a crane operator undertakes. Firstly, they visually inspect the crane, looking for any visible defects or damage. Secondly, they check the documentation and ensure that all required checks have been carried out and documented properly. Finally, they conduct functional tests to verify the proper operation of key components such as brakes and hoists.
If a defect is found, the required action is to report it immediately to the relevant supervisor or site manager. The crane should not be used until the defect is rectified, and appropriate steps have been taken to ensure safe operation.
54. During work, the engine starts to overheat. Explain the danger if someone tries to remove the radiator or expansion tank cap.
If someone attempts to remove the radiator or expansion tank cap while the engine of a crawler crane above 10 tonnes is overheating, they would be at risk of scalding or burning themselves. The cooling system of the crane is under pressure and contains hot fluids, so removing the cap can cause the release of scalding hot liquid and steam. This can lead to serious burns. Additionally, removing the cap while the engine is overheating can worsen the problem by causing sudden drops in pressure, potentially leading to further damage to the cooling system. It is important to let the engine cool down before attempting any maintenance on the cooling system.
55. List SIX typical subject areas that should be covered in a site induction.
When conducting a site induction for a crawler crane above 10 tonnes, six typical subject areas to cover are:
1. Health and safety procedures, including safe operation of the crane and emergency protocols.
2. Site-specific hazards and risk assessments, such as electrical hazards, overhead obstructions, and challenging terrain.
3. Crane-specific information, such as its load capacity, reach, and any limitations or restrictions.
4. Communication protocols, including signals and radio usage.
5. Site rules and regulations, such as access and parking arrangements, site security, and personal protective equipment requirements.
6. Environmental considerations, like noise and vibration control, waste management, and protection of natural habitats if applicable.
56. Name FOUR different types or levels of disciplinary actions or sanctions that can be applied (by employers and judicial bodies) to operators of plant who do not comply with or follow legislation and regulations.
In the context of non-compliance with legislation and regulations by operators of plant, there are typically four types or levels of disciplinary actions or sanctions that can be applied by employers and judicial bodies. These include verbal warnings, written warnings, suspension, and termination of employment. Verbal warnings usually serve as an initial step to inform the operator about the non-compliance and the need for improvement. If the issue persists, a written warning may be issued, documenting the concern and further consequences. In more serious cases, suspension from work may be imposed temporarily, and if the non-compliance continues or is severe, termination of employment may be the final consequence.
57. Two cranes are working in the same vicinity that encroach the operating radius of each. What actions would the lift plan or method statement normally specify?
In such a situation, the lift plan or method statement should typically specify the following actions:
1. Ensure that there is effective communication between the crane operators to avoid any collisions or conflicts.
2. Clearly define and mark separate areas of operation for each crane to minimize interference.
3. Use appropriate signage or barriers to indicate the restricted zones for each crane.
4. Implement a coordination system, such as radio communication or signals, to synchronize movement and avoid any potential hazards.
5. Conduct regular meetings and briefings to review the lift plan and address any issues or concerns.
6. Regularly monitor and document the performance of the lift plan to ensure its effectiveness.
58. If setting up to lift loads in a pedestrianised area, state THREE factors that need to be taken into account.
When setting up a crawler crane above 10 tonnes in a pedestrianised area, there are three factors that need to be considered:
1. Accessibility: Ensure that there is adequate space for the crane to access the area safely without obstructing pedestrian walkways or other structures.
2. Safety: Implement measures to protect pedestrians from potential hazards such as falling debris, swinging loads, or crane movements. This may include using barriers, signs, or trained personnel to guide pedestrians.
3. Noise and Vibration: Take into account the potential impact of crane operations on nearby residents or businesses and implement measures to minimize noise and vibration levels, such as using noise barriers or scheduling work during quieter periods.
These factors are crucial for maintaining safety and minimizing disruption in pedestrianised areas.
59. If the hook block inadvertently (accidentally) lands, what course of action should be taken?
If a crawler crane above 10 tonnes accidentally lands the hook block, immediate action should be taken to ensure safety. Firstly, the area should be cordoned off and made inaccessible to personnel. The crane operator should be instructed to stop all movement and lower the load if possible. The incident must be reported to the relevant authorities and the crane manufacturer for further investigation and guidance. Additionally, a qualified engineer should inspect the crane thoroughly to assess any potential damage or malfunction. A risk assessment should also be conducted to prevent such accidents in the future.
60. What is the main purpose of the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI)?
The main purpose of the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) on a crawler crane above 10 tonnes is to provide important information to the crane operator regarding the crane's lifting capacity. The RCI monitors and displays the working load, boom angle, and other factors to ensure that the crane operates within its safe working limits. This helps prevent overloading and potential accidents, ensuring the safety of both the crane operator and the surrounding personnel. By using the RCI, the crane operator can make informed decisions when managing loads and operating the crane.
61. Why are crane operators generally regarded as 'safety-critical' workers?
Crane operators are considered 'safety-critical' workers due to the potential risks involved in operating heavy machinery like crawler cranes, particularly those exceeding 10 tonnes. Their role requires expertise and precision to ensure the safe lifting and movement of loads. Crane operators must have robust knowledge of safety procedures, understand load capacities, and assess potential hazards on construction sites. Any lapse in concentration or error in judgement could result in accidents, causing severe injuries or even fatalities. Therefore, crane operators must maintain focus, follow safety protocols, and be vigilant at all times to protect themselves and others on site.
62. When MUST a banksman or signaller be used before moving a crane?
A banksman or signaller must always be used when moving a crawler crane that weighs above 10 tonnes. This is a legal requirement in the UK construction industry as stated in the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015. The banksman or signaller's role is to assist the crane operator by providing clear and concise hand signals, ensuring safe movement, and managing the area around the crane to prevent accidents or collisions. It is crucial to follow this procedure to maintain a safe working environment and minimize the risk of accidents.
63. What is the definition of, or how can a hazard be described?
A hazard in relation to a crawler crane above 10 tonnes can be described as any potential source of harm or danger that could result from the operation or use of the crane. Hazards include but are not limited to: unstable ground conditions, overloading of the crane, inadequate maintenance, improper use of lifting attachments, inclement weather conditions, and insufficient training or supervision of operators. It is essential to identify and mitigate these hazards to ensure safe working conditions and prevent accidents or injuries.
64. What effect can a swinging load have on a crane?
A swinging load can have several negative effects on a crawler crane. Firstly, it can destabilize the crane and cause it to lose balance, potentially resulting in a tip-over. This poses a serious safety risk to both the crane operator and other workers nearby. Secondly, swinging loads can cause a pendulum effect, which generates significant momentum and can lead to collisions or damage to surrounding structures. Lastly, it can also put excessive stress and strain on the crane's structural components, potentially causing mechanical failure or damage. Overall, it is essential to ensure proper load control and minimize swinging for safe crane operations.
65. What is the purpose of the hoisting limit switch (also known as the 'chandelier')?
The hoisting limit switch, commonly known as the 'chandelier', is a safety feature in crawler cranes above 10 tonnes. Its purpose is to prevent overloading of the crane during lifting operations. When the load being lifted reaches the pre-set weight limit, the hoisting limit switch is triggered, automatically cutting off power to the hoist motor and stopping any further lifting. This helps to protect the crane from potential damage and ensures safe lifting practices are followed.
66. How does the deflection of the boom or jib affect the lift?
The deflection of the boom or jib on a crawler crane above 10 tonnes can have a significant impact on the lift. Excessive deflection can lead to a reduction in the crane's lifting capacity and stability, increasing the risk of accidents. Cranes are designed to work within certain deflection limits, specified by manufacturers. If deflection exceeds these limits, it can cause structural damage and compromise the crane's integrity. To ensure safe lifting operations, it is important to regularly inspect the crane's boom or jib for excessive deflection and take appropriate measures, such as adjusting the load or using additional support.
67. State the functions or job role of the following personnel: a) Appointed Person, b) Crane Supervisor, c) Slinger, d) Signaller.
a) The Appointed Person is responsible for planning and overall coordination of lifting operations, ensuring adherence to safety regulations and supervising personnel involved in the operation.
b) The Crane Supervisor oversees the safe operation of the crawler crane, ensuring compliance with lifting plans, coordinating movements, and directing the crane operator.
c) The Slinger is responsible for attaching, securing, and guiding the loads being lifted by the crane, ensuring they are properly balanced and positioned.
d) The Signaller communicates with the crane operator using standardized hand signals or radio, facilitating safe movement and positioning of loads during lifting operations.
68. Name THREE ways that a crane operator can contribute in ensuring repeat business with the client or principal contractor.
A crane operator can contribute to ensuring repeat business with the client or principal contractor in the following ways:
1. Efficient and safe operation: By operating the crawler crane above 10 tonnes efficiently and safely, the crane operator can minimize downtime and prevent accidents, leading to improved productivity and client satisfaction.
2. Effective communication: The crane operator should maintain clear and constant communication with the client or principal contractor to understand their specific requirements and communicate any challenges or delays promptly. This helps in building trust and ensuring smooth execution of the project.
3. Professional conduct: Demonstrating professionalism, reliability, and a positive attitude towards work helps in creating a good impression. Being punctual, respecting project timelines, and addressing client concerns courteously can contribute to a long-lasting professional relationship.
69. What is the purpose of counterweight(s) on the crane?
The counterweights on a crawler crane above 10 tonnes serve to stabilize and balance the crane during lifting operations. They counteract the load being lifted, reducing the risk of instability and tipping. The counterweights are strategically positioned on the crane's frame to provide the necessary counterbalance for safe and efficient operation. By adding or removing counterweights, the crane's lifting capacity can be adjusted to accommodate different job requirements. Additionally, proper distribution and configuration of the counterweights ensure the crane maintains stability and prevents excessive forces acting on the boom and support structure.
70. What is the purpose of a risk assessment?
The purpose of a risk assessment for a crawler crane above 10 tonnes is to identify and evaluate the potential hazards and risks associated with its operation. This assessment helps to determine the necessary control measures that should be put in place to mitigate those risks and ensure the safety of operators, workers, and the general public. It is essential for complying with health and safety legislation and promoting a safe working environment. A risk assessment also provides a documented record of hazards and controls, aiding in communication and decision-making regarding the crane's safe use.
71. What is the difference between a contract lift and a 'standard' crane hire?
A contract lift is a comprehensive service where the crane hire company takes full responsibility for the lift operation, including planning, risk assessment, and providing a trained and competent crane operator. They also supply the necessary lifting accessories and insurance coverage. In a 'standard' crane hire, the client takes on responsibility for the planning and execution of the lift, including providing a competent appointed person and all necessary lifting accessories. This option is more suitable when the client has the expertise and resources to safely manage the lift operation themselves.