1. What effect can a swinging load have on a crane?
A swinging load on a crane can have several negative effects. Firstly, it can cause instability, potentially leading to the crane tipping over. Secondly, it can damage the load itself, as it might collide with other objects. Swinging loads also pose a significant safety risk to workers on the ground, as they can strike people or objects. Additionally, the swinging motion can put stress on the crane's structure and components, potentially leading to mechanical failure. In summary, it's vital to minimize and control load swinging to ensure crane safety and prevent accidents.
2. When parking the machine at the end of the shift, name THREE places where the machine should NOT be parked.
The machine should not be parked in front of emergency exits, on roads or walkways obstructing access, or in designated no parking zones.
3. What is the meaning of this hand signal (being demonstrated by the Tester)?
The hand signal displayed by the Tester indicates the "compact the crane" operation. This signal is used to inform the crane operator to move the crane in a way that reduces its physical profile, making it more compact. It may involve adjusting the height, extending or retracting certain components, or folding sections. The purpose is to make the crane easier to transport or store in a smaller space.
4. During work, the engine starts to overheat. Explain the danger if someone tries to remove the radiator or expansion tank cap.
Removing the radiator or expansion tank cap while the engine is overheating in a compact crane is dangerous because it can lead to scalding injuries. The cooling system is pressurized, and releasing the cap can cause hot coolant and steam to forcefully spray out, causing burns. Additionally, removing the cap can also release pressure too quickly, potentially causing damage to the cooling system. It is best to allow the engine to cool down completely before attempting any maintenance on the coolant system.
5. What is the purpose of counterweight(s) on the crane?
The purpose of counterweights on a crane is to provide stability and balance to the crane during lifting operations. They help to offset the weight of the load being lifted and prevent the crane from tipping over. Counterweights are strategically placed on the crane to ensure proper weight distribution and maximize lifting capacity. Overall, they play a crucial role in maintaining the safety and stability of the crane while it is in operation.
6. a) If fitted, who only can authorise partial outrigger extensions and b) what is the effect on lifting capacity if partially extending the outriggers?
a) Only the appointed person or a competent supervisor can authorise partial outrigger extensions on a compact crane.
b) Partially extending the outriggers on a compact crane reduces the overall stability, therefore reducing the lifting capacity. It is important to consult the crane's manufacturer or the machine's documentation for specific details on the reduction in lifting capacity when outriggers are partially extended.
7. If asked to travel with a suspended load, name FIVE factors that must be taken into account by the operator before moving.
When considering traveling with a suspended load, five factors that the operator must take into account include:
1. Load weight: Ensure that the crane's capacity is suitable for the weight of the load being carried, to prevent overloading and potential accidents.
2. Load stability: Confirm that the load is properly secured and balanced to maintain stability during transportation.
3. Ground conditions: Assess the terrain and surface where the crane will be moved, ensuring it can support both the crane and the load without causing sinking or tipping.
4. Obstacles: Identify any obstacles along the designated path, such as overhead structures or other equipment, and plan a safe route to avoid them.
5. Weather conditions: Consider the impact of wind speed, rain, or any other adverse weather conditions that may affect the stability and safety of the load during transportation.
8. Why are crane operators generally regarded as 'safety-critical' workers?
Crane operators are considered 'safety-critical' due to the potential risks involved in their work. They are responsible for operating heavy machinery at great heights, and any mistakes or negligence can have severe consequences, including injuries, fatalities, and property damage. Crane operators must adhere to strict safety protocols, monitor the working environment, and make quick decisions to ensure the safety of themselves, their colleagues, and the public. Their role requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and situational awareness to prevent accidents and maintain safety standards.
9. Two cranes are working in the same vicinity that encroach the operating radius of each. What actions would the lift plan or method statement normally specify?
The lift plan or method statement would typically specify measures to avoid collisions between the cranes, such as establishing clear communication channels between crane operators and implementing a signaling system. It may also outline the need for proper coordination and sequencing of lifts to minimize interference. Additionally, the plan may detail guidelines for safe equipment positioning and the use of physical barriers to ensure safe working distances are maintained. Adequate supervision and monitoring of the cranes' movements may also be emphasized to prevent any encroachment.
10. Using the Operator's Manual, state the cold-starting procedure for the crane. Note: The Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
To cold-start the crane, refer to the Operator's Manual for the specific machine being used. Follow the instructions provided in the manual to ensure proper procedure. Keep in mind that having the manual readily available is essential for reference during the cold-starting process.
11. Name THREE ways in which an operator can minimise their impact upon the environment whilst using the machine.
1. Efficient Planning: By carefully planning the operations, the operator can minimize the need for excessive movements and idle time, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
2. Noise Reduction: Operators can minimize noise pollution by using sound barriers or mufflers on the machine, adhering to noise restrictions, and scheduling noisy tasks during less sensitive hours.
3. Waste Management: Proper waste management, such as segregating and recycling materials, can be implemented to minimize the environmental impact. Additionally, using environmentally friendly hydraulic fluids and greases can also reduce the machine's ecological footprint.
These three measures contribute to a greener construction site, reducing energy consumption, emissions, and waste.
12. a) What is the purpose of a Method Statement and b) what is required of the operator?
a) The purpose of a Method Statement is to outline the sequence and safety precautions for carrying out a specific construction activity. It helps ensure that the work is planned and executed safely and efficiently.
b) The operator of a compact crane is required to be trained and competent. They should follow safe operating procedures, carry out pre-use checks, and inspect the machine regularly. They must also be aware of any operational limitations, communicate effectively with the team, and respond to any emergencies or hazards promptly.
13. Where should the Operator's Manual be kept and why?
The Operator's Manual for a compact crane should be kept in a secure location within easy reach of the operator. This ensures quick access to important information and instructions regarding safe operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. By keeping the manual nearby, operators can refer to it whenever necessary, which promotes a safer working environment and helps prevent accidents and equipment damage.
14. a) What is meant by the lifting capacity of the crane and b) who determines it?
a) The lifting capacity of a crane refers to the maximum weight it can safely lift and move. It is usually measured in tonnes or kilograms. Knowing the crane's lifting capacity is important for ensuring that it can handle the intended load without exceeding its limits.
b) The lifting capacity of a crane is determined by its manufacturer. They conduct rigorous testing and calculations to establish the maximum weight that the crane can lift under various conditions. It is crucial to consult the manufacturer's specifications and guidelines to ensure safe and accurate use of the crane.
15. The safe working load (SWL) of a multi-leg chain slings only applies in what TWO conditions or configurations?
The safe working load (SWL) of a multi-leg chain sling applies in two conditions or configurations: when the legs are in a straight and vertical configuration, and when the sling angles are within the acceptable range as specified by the manufacturer or relevant standards.
16. Name TWO things that happen if the hoist rope (or lifting accessories) is (are) not vertical when lifting a load.
If the hoist rope or lifting accessories are not vertical when lifting a load, two things can happen. First, the load can become unstable and potentially tip or fall during the lifting process, posing a safety risk to workers and property. Second, the load may not be lifted properly and could result in inefficient or incomplete lifting, leading to delays or complications in the construction project. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that the hoist rope and lifting accessories are always vertical when lifting a load to ensure safety and efficiency.
17. What THREE main duties of The Health and Safety at Work Act must employees follow?
The three main duties that employees must follow under The Health and Safety at Work Act are:
1. Take reasonable care of their own health and safety, as well as the health and safety of others who may be affected by their actions.
2. Co-operate with their employer in meeting their legal duties and obligations.
3. Use any safety equipment provided by their employer appropriately and as instructed.
18. What are the possible outcomes of facing prosecution for not complying with legislation and regulations?
Possible outcomes of facing prosecution for not complying with legislation and regulations can include:
1. Fines: You may be required to pay a monetary penalty based on the severity of the offense and the specific regulations violated.
2. Imprisonment: In more serious cases, a custodial sentence can be imposed, potentially resulting in time spent in prison.
3. Reputation damage: Being prosecuted can harm your reputation and hinder future business opportunities.
4. Legal costs: You will likely incur expenses associated with legal representation to defend yourself against the charges.
It is crucial to adhere to legislation and regulations to avoid these potential consequences.
19. Using the Operator's Manual, state the figure for the tyre pressures or checks to be made to the track belts. Note: The Operator's Manual for the machine being used for the test MUST be available for reference by the candidate.
Refer to the Operator's Manual for the recommended tyre pressures or checks for the track belts. The specific figures will depend on the make and model of the machine being used. Ensure that the Operator's Manual is accessible during the test for reference by the candidate.
20. Before leaving for a rest break, after parking and switching off the machine, what final action must be carried out?
Ensure that all controls are in the neutral position, lower any attachments such as the boom or jib to the ground, apply the parking brake, and engage any additional safety devices or lockout systems as required. If applicable, conduct a visual inspection of the crane to ensure there are no visible defects or damage. Finally, securely store any loose materials or tools, if present, to avoid any potential hazards.
21. If a load is slewed (or turned) rather quickly, what TWO initial effects does it have on the load whilst slewing?
When a load is slewed quickly, it can result in two initial effects. Firstly, there will be an increased inertia acting on the load, causing it to resist change in its direction of motion. Secondly, the load will experience an increased centrifugal force, pulling it outward from the central pivot point. Both these effects can potentially lead to instability and make it more challenging to control the load during slewing.
22. If applicable, why should the crane be re-fuelled at the end of the day?
Refuelling the crane at the end of the day ensures that it is ready for operation the next day. Running out of fuel during work hours can cause delays and disrupt productivity. Additionally, refuelling at the end of the day reduces the risk of fuel leakage or theft overnight. Maintaining a full fuel tank also helps to ensure optimal crane performance and prevents engine damage caused by running on low fuel levels.
23. What is the definition of, or how can a hazard be described?
A hazard in construction refers to any potential source of danger or harm that could cause injury or damage. It can be described as a situation or condition that has the potential to cause harm or loss if not addressed or mitigated. Hazards can be physical, such as falling objects or uneven surfaces, or they can be chemical or biological, such as exposure to harmful substances or infectious diseases. It is important to identify and assess hazards in order to minimize risks and ensure a safe working environment.
24. If setting up to lift loads in a pedestrianised area, state THREE factors that need to be taken into account.
When setting up to lift loads in a pedestrianised area, it is crucial to consider the following three factors:
1. Safety: Evaluate the potential risks to pedestrians and implement appropriate measures to ensure their safety. This may include barricading, warning signs, or designated walkways to keep pedestrians away from the lifting area.
2. Noise and disturbance: Plan the crane operation to minimize noise and disturbance to nearby residents and businesses. Consider using quieter equipment or scheduling the work at less disruptive times.
3. Traffic management: Determine how the operation may impact vehicular traffic and develop a traffic management plan accordingly. This may involve temporary road closures, alternative routing, or coordination with local authorities.
25. a) What determines the minimum distances that any part of plant and machinery has to be kept from over head electricity lines and b) explain why a distance should be kept.
a) The minimum distances that plant and machinery, including compact cranes, must be kept from overhead electricity lines are determined by regulations and guidelines set by government authorities and industry bodies. These distances vary depending on factors such as the voltage of the lines, the machine's working height, and the type of work being carried out.
b) Maintaining a distance between plant and machinery, such as a compact crane, and overhead electricity lines is crucial for safety reasons. It helps to prevent accidental contact between the equipment and the live electrical wires, reducing the risk of electric shock and potential damage to the machinery itself. Additionally, keeping a safe distance minimizes the chance of electrical arcing or sparks that could lead to fires or other hazards.
26. The operator has to use a new model of compact crane that they are unfamiliar with. What do Regulations (i.e. LOLER 98) and other guidance require the operator to have?
Under LOLER 98, operators of compact cranes must be competent and adequately trained, possessing the necessary skills and knowledge. The operator should have received suitable training specific to the particular model of compact crane they are using. Other guidance advises operators to familiarize themselves with the manufacturer's instructions and technical specifications, as well as any additional training requirements related to the specific crane model. Regular maintenance and inspections by competent individuals are also necessary to ensure the safe operation of the crane. It is important to consult the relevant regulations and guidance to comply with all legal requirements.
27. When working in a confined area or space: a) What danger can be present with regards to the counterweight of the machine, b) when should measures be taken and c) what measures should be implemented?
a) The danger with the counterweight of a compact crane in a confined area is that it can strike objects or people nearby if not properly controlled.
b) Measures should be taken whenever operating the crane in a confined area where the counterweight could be a risk.
c) Measures to implement include using barricades or barriers to restrict access to the area, ensuring proper training and supervision of operators, and using additional safety devices or technologies to monitor and control the movement of the counterweight.
28. What is the purpose of a risk assessment?
The purpose of a risk assessment is to identify and evaluate potential hazards and risks in a given workplace or activity. It helps to ensure the safety and well-being of workers and others who may be affected by the work. By systematically identifying hazards, assessing their potential risks, and implementing control measures, it helps prevent accidents, injuries, and ill-health. A risk assessment also helps ensure compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, improve decision-making, allocate resources effectively, and prioritize actions to reduce risks. In summary, it is a vital tool for managing occupational health and safety.
29. When working in a confined area or space, name THREE dangers that can be present.
Three dangers that can be present when working with a compact crane in a confined area or space are:
1. Risk of collisions with nearby objects or structures due to limited space for maneuvering.
2. Potential for unstable ground or floor surfaces, which can cause the crane to tip over or sink.
3. Increased risk of trapping or crushing workers due to restricted movement or limited visibility.
30. What prevents the hook block from contacting the jib pulley?
A compact crane is designed with specific measures to prevent the hook block from contacting the jib pulley. These measures can include proper alignment of the pulley and the hook block, adequate clearance between the two components, and the use of safety devices such as limit switches or bumpers. The crane's manufacturer should provide detailed information on the specific mechanisms in place to prevent contact between the hook block and the jib pulley. It is essential to follow the manufacturer's guidelines and recommendations for safe operation.
31. If radios are to be used during the lifting operations, what FIVE actions and checks must be made by the crane operator before use?
1. Ensure that the radios are in proper working condition.
2. Test the functionality of the radios, including the signal strength and clarity.
3. Confirm that the radios are set to the correct channel for communication.
4. Verify that all necessary personnel are equipped with functioning radios.
5. Establish clear communication protocols and ensure that all operators are familiar with them.
32. What do the letters SWL signify, as stamped on lifting accessories?
SWL stands for "Safe Working Load." It is a term used to indicate the maximum weight or load that a lifting accessory, such as a crane or lifting sling, is designed to safely handle. This information is typically stamped or marked on the accessory to ensure that it is used within its specified capacity and to prevent overloading, which can be dangerous and lead to accidents. It is important to always check the SWL of lifting accessories before use and never exceed the stated limit.
33. What makes up the total (or gross) weight of a load that is to be lifted?
The total weight of a load to be lifted consists of the weight of the load itself, as well as any additional equipment or attachments used for lifting, such as slings, shackles, or lifting beams. It is important to consider all components and calculate their collective weight accurately to ensure safe lifting operations.
34. What is the purpose of a roll or ROPS frame?
The purpose of a roll or ROPS (Roll Over Protection System) frame is to provide protection to the operator of a compact crane in the event of a roll-over or tip-over accident. It is a structure designed to prevent the roof of the cabin from collapsing and crushing the operator. ROPS frames are typically made of strong materials and are an essential safety feature in compact cranes, allowing operators to work with greater peace of mind.
35. a) When is a trial lift carried out and b) name THREE checks to be made?
a) A trial lift is typically carried out before the actual lifting operations begin at a construction site.
b) Three checks to be made before a trial lift include verifying the crane's load capacity against the weight of the load, inspecting the crane's lifting equipment, such as ropes or chains, for any signs of damage or wear, and ensuring that the ground conditions at the lift site are suitable and stable.
36. Only one leg of a 4-tonne two-legged chain sling is being used. What is the maximum load that can be lifted?
The maximum load that can be lifted using only one leg of a 4-tonne two-legged chain sling is 2 tonnes.
37. What checks should be made to the transmitter of a remote-controlled crane before work?
Before operating a remote-controlled crane, the transmitter should be checked for any visible damage or defects. Ensure that the batteries are fully charged and in good condition. Verify that the controls are functioning properly by testing each button or joystick. Check the range of the transmitter to ensure it covers the required work area. Also, make sure all safety features, such as emergency stop buttons and warning lights, are working as intended. Finally, consult the manufacturer's guidelines for any specific checks or maintenance procedures to follow.
38. On a busy construction site, how would the slinger/signaller be identified to the crane operator?
The slinger/signaller on a busy construction site can be identified to the crane operator through high-visibility clothing and appropriate hand signals. The slinger/signaller should wear a distinct color or reflective vest for easy recognition. Hand signals should be agreed upon beforehand and clearly understood by both the slinger/signaller and the crane operator. This ensures effective communication and enhances safety on the site.
39. If the words STOP NOW are given to the crane operator by radio during the lift, what action must the operator take?
If the words "STOP NOW" are communicated to the crane operator via radio during a lift, the operator must immediately cease all lifting operations and bring the crane to a complete stop. It is crucial for the operator to respond swiftly and follow these instructions to prevent any potential accidents or hazards on the construction site. Safety should always be the top priority when operating cranes or any heavy machinery.
40. Name FOUR different types or levels of disciplinary actions or sanctions that can be applied (by employers and judicial bodies) to operators of plant who do not comply with, or follow legislation and regulations.
1. Verbal Warning: Employers may issue a verbal warning to operators who do not comply with legislation and regulations. This serves as an initial reminder of the importance of following the rules.
2. Written Warning: Operators may receive a written warning if their non-compliance continues. This formalizes the disciplinary action and highlights the seriousness of the situation.
3. Suspension: In more severe cases, employers may suspend an operator temporarily. This is a more serious disciplinary action that requires the operator to cease work until the issue is resolved.
4. Termination: If an operator repeatedly fails to comply with legislation and regulations, employers may ultimately terminate their employment. This is the most severe disciplinary action and is reserved for serious and persistent non-compliance.
41. On hoist-rope units, if a heavy load is being slewed at high speed over at least 180 degrees, what TWO factors must the operator (and signaller) take into account?
When slewed at high speed over 180 degrees, the operator and signaller must consider two factors. Firstly, the load moment, which is the product of the load weight and the radius from the crane's slew center to the load. It is crucial to ensure that the load moment remains within the crane's safe working limits to prevent tipping over. Secondly, they must account for the potential swing of the load caused by its inertia during the slewing operation. This swing can affect nearby structures or personnel, so precautions must be taken to avoid any hazards.
42. Name THREE ways that a hired-in crane operator can contribute in ensuring repeat business with the client or principal contractor.
A hired-in crane operator can contribute to ensuring repeat business with the client or principal contractor in the following ways:
1. Maintaining a strong focus on safety by adhering to all health and safety regulations, using proper lifting techniques, and promoting a safe working environment.
2. Demonstrating professionalism through good communication, being reliable and punctual, and effectively coordinating with other workers on the site.
3. Consistently delivering high-quality work by properly operating the crane, accurately following instructions, and effectively managing the equipment to ensure efficient and successful completion of tasks.
By addressing these key factors, the crane operator can help build trust and satisfaction, increasing the likelihood of repeat business.
43. What information is needed when estimating the weight of a load?
When estimating the weight of a load for a compact crane, you need to gather the following information:
1. The dimensions of the load (length, width, height)
2. The material composition, as different materials have different densities and weights
3. The weight distribution of the load, as unevenly distributed weight can affect the stability of the crane
4. Any additional attachments or accessories that may affect the overall weight
5. Environmental factors like wind speed, as they can impact the lifting capacity of the crane. Gathering these details will help you accurately estimate the weight and determine the appropriate crane for the job.
44. Use chart A, B or C on the lifting capacity diagrams for A66A, A66B or A66C respectively. For A66D, use chart A66A. For chart A - a) what is the maximum lifting capacity, b) what is the maximum lift capacity at 10 metres radius and c) if a load of 1800 kg needs to be lifted to a height of 12 metres, what is the maximum available radius? For chart B - a) what is the maximum working height (to the nearest 0.2 metres), b) what is the maximum outreach (to
45. As a slewing crane rotates through 360 degrees with a load, what happens to the loading on each outrigger?
As a slewing crane rotates through 360 degrees with a load, the loading on each outrigger remains relatively constant. The load is evenly distributed across all outriggers to provide stability and prevent tipping. However, slight variations in loading may occur due to the crane's movement, ground conditions, and load distribution. It's important to ensure that the outriggers are properly set up and the crane is operated within its designated capacity to maintain stability and safety during rotation.
46. During the lifting operation, part of the task cannot be carried out as detailed in the lift plan. a) What initially must happen to the lifting operation and b) who authorises any changes?
a) If the lift cannot be carried out as planned, the lifting operation must be stopped immediately to ensure safety. This is important to avoid any potential risks or accidents.
b) Any changes to the lifting operation must be authorised by the Appointed Person or the person responsible for supervising the lifting activity. They have the authority to assess the situation and determine the appropriate course of action to ensure the lift can be safely completed. Communication and consultation with all relevant parties is crucial in this process.
47. Name THREE ways in which wind speed can affect the lifting operation.
Wind speed can affect a lifting operation in three ways:
1. Increased wind speed can cause the crane to sway, affecting stability and potentially leading to accidents.
2. Strong winds can create a drag force on the load being lifted, making it more difficult for the crane to maneuver and control the load.
3. High winds can also cause the load to swing, making it harder to position accurately and pose a safety risk to workers on the ground or nearby.
48. If assisting in fitting a fly jib/extension to the crane, why is it important that the manufacturer's procedures are followed precisely?
Following the manufacturer's procedures precisely when fitting a fly jib/extension to a compact crane is important for several reasons. Firstly, it ensures that the installation is done correctly, minimizing the risk of accidents or safety hazards. Secondly, it helps maintain the crane's structural integrity, preventing any damage or premature wear. Thirdly, it ensures compliance with the manufacturer's warranty and any legal requirements, avoiding potential liability issues. Lastly, it guarantees that the crane will perform optimally, achieving the desired lifting capacity and range. In summary, adhering to the manufacturer's procedures precisely ensures safety, longevity, and optimal performance of the crane with a fly jib/extension.
49. List SIX typical subject areas that should be covered in a site induction.
1. Health and safety regulations and procedures.
2. Emergency evacuation plan and procedures.
3. Site-specific hazards and risks.
4. Safe handling and operating practices for equipment.
5. Personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements.
6. Site rules and regulations, including access and security procedures.
These are important subject areas to cover during a site induction to ensure that workers are aware of the necessary precautions and procedures to maintain a safe and productive work environment. It is crucial to provide clear and concise information to promote understanding and compliance.
50. State the functions or job role of the following personnel: a) appointed person, b) crane supervisor, c) slinger,
a) The appointed person is responsible for planning and managing lifting operations on a construction site. They ensure that the lifting is carried out safely and in compliance with regulations and industry best practices. They assess the risks involved, develop lifting plans, and supervise the lifting operations.
b) The crane supervisor oversees the safe operation of cranes on a construction site. They ensure that the crane is being operated correctly and that all safety protocols are followed. They coordinate with the appointed person and the crane operator to ensure efficient and safe lifting operations.
c) The slinger is responsible for attaching the load to the crane and directing the crane operator during lifting operations. They have a thorough understanding of lifting equipment and rigging techniques, and they communicate with the appointed person and crane supervisor to ensure the safe and efficient movement of loads.
51. In what situation does a hard hat NOT need to be worn when operating a compact crane?
A hard hat should be worn when operating a compact crane in all situations. Personal protective equipment, including a hard hat, is essential for ensuring the safety of the operator on a construction site. Wearing a hard hat protects against potential head injuries caused by falling objects or overhead hazards. Regardless of the size or type of crane, safety measures should always be followed to minimize risks and prioritize personal safety.
52. a) How does the number of lines or falls of rope affect the lifting capacity for the crane and b) how is hoist speed affected when the number of lines (or falls of rope) is reduced?
a) The number of lines or falls of rope directly affects the lifting capacity of the crane. The more lines or falls of rope, the higher the lifting capacity. This is because each line or fall of rope shares the load, distributing the weight evenly. As a result, reducing the number of lines or falls of rope reduces the lifting capacity of the crane.
b) When the number of lines or falls of rope is reduced, the hoist speed is typically increased. This is because with fewer lines or falls of rope, the load is lighter and easier to lift. Thus, the hoist can move at a faster speed. However, it is important to ensure that the increased hoist speed is within safe operating limits.
53. Apart from the operator, who else may need to use the machine's Operator's Manual?
Other individuals who may need to use the machine's Operator's Manual include maintenance technicians, safety inspectors, supervisors overseeing the operation, and anyone else responsible for ensuring the safe and proper operation of the compact crane.
54. What are the THREE actions or stages that a crane operator undertakes during pre-use inspections?
During pre-use inspections, a crane operator typically undertakes three actions or stages: visual checks, operational checks, and documentation review. Visual checks involve visually inspecting the crane for any signs of damage, wear, or abnormalities. Operational checks involve testing the crane's various functions and controls to ensure they are working correctly. Documentation review involves examining the crane's records, such as inspection reports and maintenance logs, to ensure they are up-to-date and accurate. These actions are essential in ensuring that the crane is safe and suitable for use.
55. a) What is the minimum distance allowed near open trenches when travelling the crane and b) explain why?
a) The minimum distance allowed near open trenches when travelling the crane is typically specified by health and safety regulations, and can vary depending on multiple factors such as the size of the crane and the depth of the trench. It is important to consult the specific regulations and guidance applicable to your region to determine the exact minimum distance required.
b) The purpose of having a minimum distance near open trenches is to ensure the safety of workers and the stability of the crane. Working too close to open trenches increases the risk of accidents or collapses, which can result in serious injuries or fatalities. The minimum distance helps to maintain a safe working zone and prevents any potential hazards that may arise from operating a crane near open trenches.
56. When MUST a banksman or signaller be used before moving a crane?
A banksman or signaller must be used before moving a crane when the visibility is limited, the crane operator's view is obstructed, or the area is congested with other workers or machinery. The banksman's role is to provide clear communication and signals to the crane operator, ensuring safe movement and avoiding potential accidents. It is a legal requirement to have a trained banksman or signaller present in these situations to prevent hazards and maintain site safety. Always follow proper procedures and ensure compliance with relevant regulations.
57. Why must the seat belt be worn, even though a ROPS frame or cab is fitted?
The seat belt must be worn in a compact crane, even with a ROPS frame or cab, for added protection and in compliance with health and safety regulations. The seat belt provides an additional safety measure in the event of sudden stops, collisions, or overturning. It helps to prevent occupants from being thrown out of their seats and reduces the risk of injury or fatalities.
58. If a load of 5 tonnes is lifted on two falls or lines of rope, what is the tension in each fall or line?
If the load is 5 tonnes and it is lifted on two falls or lines of rope, the tension in each fall or line would be
2.5 tonnes.
59. What does The Health and Safety at Work Act require employers to do with regards specifically to plant?
The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to ensure that plant, including cranes, is safe to use, properly maintained, and operated by competent individuals. Employers must assess risks, provide appropriate training and supervision, and implement control measures to prevent accidents and injuries. Regular inspections, maintenance, and monitoring of plant are necessary. Furthermore, employers need to provide information, instruction, and training to employees on the safe use, handling, and storage of plant, including compact cranes. Risk assessments and safety measures must be reviewed and updated as necessary.
60. When would a fly jib or extension be fitted and used?
A fly jib or extension is typically fitted and used on compact cranes to increase their reach and lifting capacity. It allows the crane to extend its boom further, enabling it to reach longer distances or lift heavier loads. This can be particularly useful in construction sites where space may be limited or when lifting objects at height. The fly jib or extension is attached to the existing boom and can be adjusted to various angles, allowing for increased flexibility and versatility in the crane's operations.
61. What is meant by the footprint of the crane?
The footprint of a crane refers to the amount of space it occupies on the ground when fully set up and operational. It includes the crane's stabilizing outriggers or supports, which are extended to ensure stability during lifting operations. The larger the footprint, the more space is required for safe crane operation. It is an important consideration when planning crane usage on construction sites with limited space or when working in close proximity to existing structures.
62. a) Which part of the crane applies loading or pressure to the ground and b) name TWO ways that pressure can be reduced.
a) The part of the crane that applies loading or pressure to the ground is called the outriggers or stabilizers.
b) Two ways to reduce pressure are:
1. Increasing the area of the crane's supports by utilizing larger or additional outriggers, or by using spreader mats or timber pads.
2. Using special equipment like crane mats or steel plates that distribute the weight over a larger surface area, effectively decreasing the pressure exerted on the ground.
63. If checking the oil level using a dipstick, why must gloves be worn?
Gloves should be worn when checking the oil level on a compact crane using a dipstick to protect your hands from potential contaminants or hot surfaces. Safety measures are important to prevent any injuries or skin contact with harmful substances that may be present. Gloves help maintain cleanliness and provide a barrier between your skin and potential hazards.
64. Wind speeds can be variable throughout the working day. What action must be taken to ensure safe working conditions are maintained?
To maintain safe working conditions in variable wind speeds, follow these actions:
1. Assess wind conditions regularly using an anemometer.
2. Consult the manufacturer's guidelines for crane operations in different wind speeds.
3. Train operators to recognize unsafe wind conditions and stop work if necessary.
4. Use wind speed indicators to notify workers when the wind exceeds safe limits.
5. Secure loads properly to prevent them from being affected by wind gusts.
6. Consider using wind shields or barriers to reduce the impact of wind.
7. Have an emergency plan in place for extreme wind conditions.
8. Follow any legal requirements or industry standards related to wind-speed limits.
Stay vigilant and prioritize safety when working with cranes and variable wind speeds.
65. On mobile units, state the possible effect of lifting downhill on a slope.
Lifting downhill on a slope can increase the risk of instability and tipping over of the mobile unit. The downward force combined with the gradient of the slope can cause the center of gravity to shift, making the crane more prone to imbalance. This can compromise the safety of the lift and potentially lead to accidents or damage to the crane and its load. It is essential to assess the slope's inclination and take appropriate precautions like using additional stabilizers or counterweights to maintain stability during the lift.
66. What is the difference between a contract lift and a 'standard' crane hire?
A contract lift refers to a crane hire service that includes the planning, coordination, and execution of the lifting operation. The crane supplier takes full responsibility for the lift, including providing a suitably qualified and experienced appointed person, a lift plan, and insurance coverage. In a 'standard' crane hire, the customer takes on the responsibility of planning and supervising the lifting operation. The crane is provided, but the customer must ensure the lifting operation is safely carried out. Essentially, a contract lift offers a more comprehensive service with greater liability assumed by the crane supplier.
67. The operator has been asked to drive the machine onto a transporter/trailer. a) Who is responsible for the loading operations and b) state FOUR actions to be considered by the operator before loading commences?
a) The responsibility for loading operations lies with the operator of the compact crane.
b) Four actions to be considered by the operator before loading commences are:
1. Ensure that the transporter/trailer is suitable and rated to carry the weight of the compact crane.
2. Verify that the loading area is clear and accessible, with sufficient space for safe maneuvering.
3. Perform a pre-operational inspection of the compact crane, checking for any faults or damage that may affect its safe operation during loading.
4. Plan the loading process, considering factors such as weight distribution, securing methods, and any relevant regulations or guidelines.
68. What is the main purpose of the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) or Load Moment Indicator (LMI)?
The main purpose of the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) or Load Moment Indicator (LMI) is to ensure that the compact crane operates within its safe working limits. It provides an indication of the crane's load capacity based on factors such as the boom length, angle, and radius. This helps to prevent overloading, which can lead to accidents and equipment damage. In addition, the RCI or LMI can provide visual and audible warnings when the crane approaches its maximum capacity, improving safety on construction sites.
69. How can a qualification or card benefit a crane operator?
A qualification or card can benefit a crane operator by providing proof of their skills and competence. It can help them stand out in a competitive job market and increase their chances of being hired. It also demonstrates that they have undergone proper training and are knowledgeable about safe and efficient crane operation. Clients and employers often require proof of qualifications to ensure that the crane operators they hire are reliable and capable of carrying out their duties. Finally, a qualification or card can also contribute to the crane operator's professional development and serve as a stepping stone for career advancement opportunities.
70. Which parts of the crane is the radius (for lifting) measured from?
The radius of a compact crane is typically measured from the center of rotation or pivot point, which is usually the midpoint of its slewing ring or turntable. The radius refers to the distance between the center of rotation and the outer edge of the crane's lifting capacity.
71. If the hook block inadvertently (accidentally) lands, what course of action should be taken?
If the hook block accidentally lands, immediate action should be taken. Firstly, ensure that the area is immediately evacuated and isolated to avoid any potential harm or injury. The crane's operator should report the incident to the appropriate authorities, such as the site supervisor or health and safety personnel. Expert inspection and assessment of the crane and its components should be carried out by a qualified professional before any further use. It is critical to follow stringent safety protocols to minimize risks and maintain a safe working environment.
72. Give FOUR reasons that may cause the crane to overturn.
1. Uneven ground: If the crane is set up on uneven terrain, it can lead to instability and potential overturning.
2. Exceeding load capacity: If the crane is trying to lift a load that exceeds its specified capacity, it can cause the crane to become unbalanced and tilt over.
3. Improper assembly or setup: If the crane is not assembled or set up correctly, such as not properly extending the outriggers, it can result in instability and potentially cause overturning.
4. Adverse weather conditions: Strong winds or extreme weather conditions can apply significant forces on the crane, destabilizing it and increasing the risk of overturning.
73. On hoist-rope cranes, the number of falls has been changed on the hook block. How has this action affected the RCI/LMI?
Changing the number of falls on the hook block of a hoist-rope crane would affect the rated capacity indicator/load moment indicator (RCI/LMI). The RCI/LMI is designed to provide information about the load being lifted and ensure safe operations. By altering the number of falls, the load calculation would be affected, which in turn affects the accuracy and reliability of the RCI/LMI. It is crucial to consult with the crane manufacturer or a qualified engineer to properly recalibrate or update the RCI/LMI system to reflect the new configuration.