1. What THREE main duties of the Health and Safety at Work Act must employees follow?
The three main duties of employees under the Health and Safety at Work Act are:
1. To take reasonable care of their own health and safety, as well as that of others who may be affected by their actions.
2. To cooperate with their employer to enable them to comply with their legal duties.
3. To not intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided for health and safety purposes.
2. When travelling on wet clay, what effect could this have on the machine, particularly on wheeled plant and rollers?
Travelling on wet clay can cause several effects on wheeled plant and rollers. The clay can get stuck to the wheels or rollers, reducing their traction and decreasing their efficiency. This can lead to decreased productivity and potentially damage the machine. The wet clay can also cause the wheels or rollers to sink or slide, affecting stability and maneuverability. It is important to implement measures to mitigate these effects, such as using appropriate tires or tracks, keeping the machine clean, and avoiding excessive speeds on wet clay surfaces.
3. Give THREE possible reasons why drivers of plant should not stray off the designated travel routes on site.
1. Safety: Straying off designated travel routes on site can pose significant safety risks. These routes are carefully planned and marked to prevent collisions, protect workers, and avoid hazards. Deviating from these routes can result in accidents, damage to property or equipment, and potential harm to individuals.
2. Site Efficiency: Designated travel routes are designed to optimize the flow of vehicles and equipment on site. Straying off these routes can disrupt the logistics and disrupt the overall efficiency of the construction site. It can lead to congestion, delays, and the inefficient use of resources.
3. Legal Compliance: Following the designated travel routes is a legal requirement on construction sites. By straying off these routes, drivers may be in violation of site rules and regulations, as well as potentially breaking health and safety laws. This can lead to penalties, legal issues, and damage to the reputation of the driver, employer, or contractor.
4. a) What is the purpose of a Method Statement and b) what is required of the driver?
a) The purpose of a Method Statement is to outline how a specific task will be carried out, identifying the hazards involved and the control measures to be implemented. It ensures that work is done safely and appropriately by providing clear instructions.
b) The driver is required to follow the Method Statement, which includes adhering to specific procedures for plant driving, such as carrying out pre-start checks, operating the plant equipment safely, and following relevant traffic management rules. The driver should also have the necessary qualifications and training to operate the specific plant machinery.
5. When parking the machine after use, name THREE places where the machine should NOT be parked.
The machine should NOT be parked in areas that obstruct access, block emergency exits, or impede other vehicles or pedestrians.
6. Give THREE reasons that may cause the machine to tip over - forwards and/or sideways - whilst driving.
Three reasons that may cause a machine to tip over while driving are: uneven or unstable ground, sharp turns or sudden changes in direction, and excessive speed or reckless driving. Uneven or unstable ground can shift the weight distribution of the machine, leading to instability. Sharp turns or sudden changes in direction can cause the machine's momentum to shift and potentially tip over if not handled carefully. Excessive speed or reckless driving can also compromise the stability of the machine, increasing the risk of a tip-over accident. It is essential for operators to be cautious, follow proper procedures, and maintain safe driving practices to prevent tip-overs.
7. Before driving a machine away from rest, what final check must be made?
Before driving a machine away from rest, the final check that must be made is to ensure that all safety features are properly engaged and functioning, such as seat belts, parking brakes, and any other relevant safety mechanisms. It is crucial to confirm that the machine is in a safe and operational condition before operating it.
8. If checking the oil level using a dipstick, why must gloves be worn?
Gloves should be worn when checking the oil level with a dipstick to prevent any oil from coming into direct contact with your skin. Some engine oils contain chemicals that can irritate or cause an allergic reaction. Wearing gloves will protect your hands and ensure that you don't expose yourself to any potential harm.
9. What does the Health and Safety at Work Act require employers to do with regards specifically to plant?
The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to ensure the safety of their employees when using plant. This includes providing suitable training, supervision, and information so that employees can operate the plant safely. Employers must also conduct risk assessments to identify and control any hazards associated with the use of plant. Additionally, they need to ensure that the plant is regularly maintained and inspected to keep it in safe working condition. Lastly, employers must have measures in place to manage and respond to any accidents, incidents, or emergencies involving plant.
10. If the machine is being travelled on the public highway, including adjacent pavements and verges, the Road Traffic Act applies. a) What type of licence and which classes should the driver hold and b) what is the minimum age allowed?
a) For driving plant machinery on public highways, the driver needs a valid driving licence that corresponds to the class of vehicle they are operating. The specific classes required depend on the types of plant machinery involved.
b) The minimum age for driving plant machinery on public highways is typically 17 years, but it can vary depending on the type of machinery and any additional requirements set by the Road Traffic Act.
11. If required to drive an item of plant on site for maintenance or loading purposes, what must be checked on arrival to the site?
On arrival, check the condition of the plant for any visible damage or defects. Assess if any components are loose, broken, or missing. Verify that all safety features and controls are in working order. Inspect the tires or tracks for wear or damage. Ensure the brakes are functioning properly. Test lights and indicators. Confirm that all fluid levels are adequate. Examine the operator's manual for any specific requirements or instructions. If any issues are found, report them immediately for corrective action. Remember to always wear appropriate personal protective equipment and follow site rules when operating plant equipment.
12. The driver has to manoeuvre a new type of machine. What do Regulations (i.e. PUWER 98) and other guidance require the driver to have?
Regulations like PUWER 98 and related guidance require the driver of a new type of machine to have certain things. These include proper training, knowledge of the machine's controls, an understanding of safe operating procedures, and appropriate skill to perform manoeuvres. The driver must also be aware of any specific requirements outlined by the machine's manufacturer or industry standards.
13. Why would the holding of a card be of benefit to the plant driver?
Having a card can provide several benefits to a plant driver. Firstly, it serves as proof of their qualifications and competence, which is beneficial when working on construction sites. Additionally, having a card demonstrates that the driver has undergone necessary training and possesses the necessary skills to operate plant machinery safely. It also helps to ensure compliance with health and safety regulations, as many construction sites require plant drivers to hold a valid card. Overall, holding a card adds credibility and professionalism to the plant driver, enhancing their employability and ensuring their suitability for the role.
14. Making tight turns with tracked plant can cause what TWO effects?
Two effects of making tight turns with tracked plant are increased wear and tear on the tracks and an increased risk of the machine tipping over.
15. What is the purpose of a roll or ROPS frame?
The purpose of a roll or ROPS frame is to provide protection to the operator in the event of a vehicle rollover or overturning. It helps to prevent the cabin from collapsing and crushing the operator, reducing the risk of serious injury or fatality. The roll or ROPS frame is designed to withstand the forces exerted during rollover, maintaining a protective space around the operator. It is an essential safety feature in many types of mobile plant machinery and vehicles, ensuring operator safety on construction sites and other work environments.
16. Name FOUR different types or levels of sanctions that can be applied (by employers and judicial bodies) to plant drivers who do not comply with, or follow legislation and regulations.
Four different types or levels of sanctions that can be applied to plant drivers who fail to comply with legislation and regulations are:
1. Verbal Warning: Employer can issue a verbal warning to the plant driver highlighting the non-compliance and emphasizing the need for adherence.
2. Written Warning: If the non-compliance continues, employer can issue a written warning to the plant driver, clearly outlining the detrimental consequences of not following regulations.
3. Suspension: In more serious cases, the plant driver may be suspended from work for a specific period, as a disciplinary measure.
4. Termination: If the plant driver persistently fails to comply with regulations, the employer may decide to terminate their employment. Judicial bodies can also impose fines and legal sanctions.
17. If driving a machine in an area where the general public have access, what action should be taken?
When operating machinery in public-access areas, safety measures must be implemented. First, ensure that proper signage and barriers are in place to prevent public access. Secondly, maintain a safe distance between the machine and people. If necessary, appoint a spotter to help guide the machine. Finally, adhere to all relevant health and safety regulations and consider obtaining all necessary construction permits. Taking these actions will help minimize the risk to the public and ensure a safe working environment.
18. When can additional personnel be transported around on site?
Additional personnel can be transported around on site when there are designated modes of transportation available, such as vehicles or machinery, that are safe and suitable for carrying them. It is important to follow health and safety guidelines and ensure that the transportation methods are appropriate for the number of personnel being transported. Additionally, proper planning and coordination should be done to minimize any disruption to ongoing construction activities.
19. In what situation does a hard hat not need to be worn when driving on a construction site?
A hard hat is not needed when driving on a construction site if you are inside an enclosed, fully enclosed vehicle with a roof and windows that provide overhead protection. However, it is advisable to wear a hard hat when exiting the vehicle or if there is a risk of objects falling from above.
20. When steering wheeled plant with long rigid chassis around tight corners, what should be taken into account?
When steering a wheeled plant with a long rigid chassis around tight corners, it is important to consider the turning radius of the plant. Make sure there is sufficient space to execute the turn without damaging the plant or any surrounding structures. It may be necessary to plan the route in advance to avoid obstacles or to use spotters to assist with manoeuvring. Additionally, reduce the speed while turning to maintain control and prevent tipping or skidding. Finally, always be aware of your surroundings and ensure clear visibility while making the turn.
21. Name THREE ways in which a driver can minimise their impact upon the environment whilst driving the machine.
Three ways in which a driver can minimize their impact on the environment while driving a machine are: reducing idling time by turning off the engine when not in use, using biofuels or alternative fuels to reduce carbon emissions, and practicing efficient driving techniques such as maintaining steady speeds and avoiding sudden accelerations or decelerations. These actions can help decrease the machine's environmental footprint and contribute to environmental sustainability.
22. What is the definition of, or how can a hazard be described?
A hazard in the context of plant driving can be described as any potential source of harm or danger that could cause injury or damage. It refers to conditions or situations that have the potential to cause accidents or adverse outcomes. Hazards can include physical obstacles, poor visibility, uneven surfaces, inadequate training, or any other factors that may increase the risk of accidents while operating plant machinery. It is important to identify and address hazards to ensure a safe working environment and prevent accidents.
23. Give TWO examples of where The Work at Height Regulations may apply to the driving of plant.
The Work at Height Regulations may apply to the driving of plant when operating a cherry picker or a scissor lift, as both involve working at height.
24. When MUST a banksman/signaller be used before moving any item of plant?
A banksman/signaller must be used before moving any item of plant when there is a risk to personnel or nearby equipment. The primary purpose is to ensure safety by providing clear communication between the operator of the plant and the banksman/signaller. This helps to prevent accidents and potential damage.
25. What is a possible consequence of driving wheeled plant where there was a deep cut in the sidewall of a tyre?
A deep cut in the sidewall of a tyre while driving wheeled plant can lead to tyre failure. This can result in a loss of control of the vehicle, potential damage to the equipment, and even accidents. It's crucial to regularly inspect and maintain tyres to avoid such occurrences.
26. What are the possible outcomes if being prosecuted (by judicial bodies) for not complying with legislation and regulations?
If prosecuted for non-compliance with legislation and regulations, the possible outcomes can vary. They may include fines, imprisonment, or both, depending on the severity of the offense and the laws in place. The specific penalties will be determined by the judicial bodies overseeing the case. It is important to comply with legislation and regulations to avoid these consequences and ensure safety and adherence to legal obligations within the construction industry.
27. Before leaving the cab and after switching off the machine, what final action must be carried out and why?
Before leaving the cab and switching off the machine, the final action that must be carried out is applying the parking brake. This is necessary to prevent the machine from moving unexpectedly and causing accidents or damage. It ensures that the machine remains stationary and secure while it is unattended, reducing the risk of any potential hazards.
28. Manoeuvring an articulated chassis plant in a restricted space requires what particular care?
When manoeuvring an articulated chassis plant in a restricted space, it is important to exercise caution and take specific care. Ensure you have proper visibility, use your mirrors effectively, and proceed slowly and gradually. Be aware of any obstructions, such as walls or equipment, and plan your route accordingly. Maintain clear communication with any spotters or personnel assisting you, and avoid sudden movements or sharp turns that may cause damage or accidents. Regularly inspect the surrounding area for potential hazards and adjust your approach as needed. Remember, safety is paramount when operating in confined spaces.
29. On boom-equipped plant with an upper rotating structure, what TWO actions should be taken before slewing?
Before slewing on a boom-equipped plant with an upper rotating structure, there are two actions you should take:
1. Check the surrounding area for any obstructions or potential hazards.
2. Ensure that the area where you plan to slew is clear of personnel or other equipment.
These checks are vital for the safety of the operation and to prevent accidents or damage to the plant or surrounding structures.
30. When driving/manoeuvring plant in a confined area or space, what could be the risks?
When driving plant in a confined area, the risks include collisions with structures or other vehicles, damage to plant or property, or injury to personnel. Limited visibility, restricted maneuverability, and uneven terrain can increase these risks. It is important to assess the area before commencing work, maintain awareness of surroundings, and use caution. Follow safe operating procedures, communicate with others on-site, and use appropriate signaling devices to mitigate risks. Regular maintenance and operator training are also crucial to ensure safe and efficient plant operation.
31. Before driving an item of plant (such as a dump truck) on a site where reversing may be involved, what should be checked before starting?
Before driving an item of plant on a site where reversing may be involved, you should check the following:
1. Ensure the vehicle is fit for use - check brakes, tires, lights, etc.
2. Make sure the reversing alarm is working correctly.
3. Check for any obstacles or hazards in the area where you will be reversing.
4. Familiarize yourself with the site's traffic rules and any specific reversing procedures.
5. Ensure you have clear visibility when reversing - use mirrors, cameras, or spotters if necessary.
6. Take extra caution while reversing and follow safe reversing techniques.
7. Be aware of pedestrians and other workers in the vicinity. Remember, safety first.
32. What could be the effect on driving a machine whereby either a counterweight, boom or bucket had been removed?
Removing a counterweight, boom, or bucket can have different effects on machine driving. Removing the counterweight can make the machine less stable, increasing the risk of tipping over. Removing the boom or bucket may affect the machine's balance and maneuverability, potentially making it more difficult to control or causing uneven weight distribution. It's important to consult the machine's manual or seek professional advice before removing any components, as it can compromise safety and performance.
33. What is the meaning of this hand signal (being demonstrated by the tester)?
The hand signal being demonstrated by the tester is known as the "stop" signal. It is used to instruct plant operators to immediately halt their machinery.
34. If the driver needs to top-up the hydraulic oil of a machine before it can be moved, state TWO precautions to ensure cleanliness of the system.
To maintain cleanliness of the hydraulic oil system while topping up:
1. Clean the external surfaces - Remove any dirt, debris or oil spills from the machine and the area around it to prevent contamination.
2. Use clean equipment and oil - Ensure the container and additives being used for topping up are clean, and use a filter or a funnel with a fine mesh screen to keep out any impurities.
35. Where would the machine's Operator's Manual be found and why?
The Operator's Manual for a machine can typically be found in a compartment or storage area within the machine itself. This ensures that the manual is easily accessible to the operator when needed. Additionally, the manual might also be available electronically or as a printed copy at the site office or in the company's documentation library. It is important to have the Operator's Manual readily available in order to provide the operator with essential information regarding safe operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of the machine.
36. If a trench has a depth of 2.0 metres: a) what is the minimum distance to maintain from the edge of the trench when travelling and b) explain why.
a) The minimum distance to maintain from the edge of the trench when traveling is 1.5 meters.
b) This distance is required to ensure the safety of both the driver and the trench. It provides a buffer zone to prevent accidental driving into the trench which could result in equipment damage, injury, or even fatalities. It also allows room for stability, reducing the risk of slippage or collapse of the trench edge. Therefore, maintaining this distance is crucial to adhere to safety regulations and minimize potential hazards associated with trench work.
37. During work, the engine starts to overheat. Explain the danger if someone tries to remove the radiator or expansion tank cap.
The danger of removing the radiator or expansion tank cap when the engine is overheating is the potential release of hot steam or coolant, causing severe burns or scalding. The pressure built up inside the cooling system increases the risk of sudden and forceful expulsion of hot fluids, which can result in injury to anyone nearby.
38. List SIX typical subject areas that should be covered in a site induction.
1. Health and safety procedures
2. Emergency procedures
3. Site-specific rules and regulations
4. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
5. Site layout and access points
6. Environmental considerations
39. Using the Operator's Manual, for tracked units, state how track tension should be set: for wheeled units, state the tyres' operating pressure or for rollers; state how the scraper bars should be set.
For tracked units, consult the Operator's Manual to ascertain the recommended track tension settings. Refer to the manufacturer's guidelines for specific instructions. For wheeled units, determine the operating pressure of the tires by referring to the operator's manual or manufacturer's specifications. Follow these guidelines for optimal performance. As for rollers, adjust the scraper bars according to the manufacturer's instructions. Take note of any specific guidance provided by the manufacturer to ensure proper functioning of the rollers. Compliance with recommended settings is vital for safe and efficient operation.
40. Before travelling, what TWO precautions need to be taking if travelling an item of plant fitted with a long boom and/or dipper length
When travelling in a plant fitted with a long boom or dipper length, two precautions should be taken. First, make sure the boom or dipper is properly secured in its lowered position to prevent any accidental movement during travel. Second, ensure that any overhanging objects or obstacles are cleared beforehand, as the long boom or dipper may pose a risk of colliding or causing damage to surrounding structures.
41. Why must the seat belt always be worn, even with the cab door closed?
The seat belt should always be worn, even with the cab door closed, to ensure the safety of the operator. In the event of sudden movement or an accident, the seat belt will help to restrain the operator and prevent them from being ejected or thrown around within the cab, reducing the risk of injury or fatalities. It is a legal requirement to wear seat belts while operating plant machinery for the operator's safety.
42. Using the Operator's Manual, state the cold-starting procedure for the machine.
Refer to the Operator's Manual for the specific cold-starting procedure. It will provide detailed instructions on how to properly start the machine in cold conditions. It is important to follow the manual's instructions accurately to avoid any damage to the equipment and ensure a safe and efficient start-up process.
43. a) What determines the minimum distances that any part of plant and machinery has to be kept from over head electricity lines and b) explain why a distance should be kept.
a) The minimum distances that plant and machinery must be kept from overhead electricity lines are determined by relevant health and safety regulations and guidelines. These typically consider factors such as the voltage of the electricity lines and the potential risks associated with working near them.
b) A distance should be kept to ensure the safety of personnel operating the plant and machinery as well as the integrity of the electricity lines. Proximity to overhead electricity lines can create a risk of electrocution and other accidents. By maintaining a safe distance, the potential for contact with the lines is reduced, minimizing the risk to both people and equipment.
44. What is the purpose of a risk assessment?
A risk assessment is done to identify potential hazards and evaluate the associated risks in order to prevent accidents or injuries. It helps ensure a safe and healthy working environment by identifying control measures to mitigate or eliminate risks. A risk assessment also helps to comply with legal obligations and industry standards. It is an important part of the health and safety management process and helps to inform decision-making, prioritize actions, and allocate resources for risk control. In summary, the purpose of a risk assessment is to proactively manage risks and ensure the safety of workers and others.
45. Off road tyres have deep grooves or raised lugs. Explain a) the purpose of the raised lugs/grooves and b) what can happen to the machine when driving if the lugs or grooves are severely worn?
a) The purpose of raised lugs or grooves on off-road tires is to enhance traction and grip. They help the machine maintain its stability and control on uneven and slippery surfaces. The grooves allow water, mud, and debris to be expelled, preventing the tires from losing contact with the ground.
b) If the lugs or grooves on the tires are severely worn, traction and grip will be significantly reduced. This can lead to decreased stability and control of the machine, especially in challenging off-road conditions. The machine may become more prone to skidding or sliding, increasing the risk of accidents and reduced performance.
46. Before leaving the cab, what must be done before the engine is switched off?
Before leaving the cab, it is essential to ensure that the engine is switched off and the keys are removed. Additionally, the handbrake should be engaged, and the controls and levers should be placed in a neutral or parked position.
47. Manufacturers must give recommendations on how to travel plant up and down inclines. If this information is not known first hand, what is the general rule about travelling up and down slopes?
Manufacturers typically provide recommendations for traveling plant up and down inclines. If this information is not available, the general rule is to proceed with caution when traveling up slopes, ensuring that the plant has sufficient power and traction to safely navigate the incline. When traveling down slopes, it is important to control the speed and use braking techniques specific to the plant to prevent uncontrolled descent. It is recommended to consult the manufacturer's guidelines or seek expert advice when unsure.