1. What constitutes the working area of the crane?
The working area of an overhead travelling crane depends on its design and specifications. Typically, the working area is the space within which the crane can safely lift and move loads. It is usually defined by the crane's maximum lifting capacity, reach, and height. To determine the working area, consider the crane's lifting capacity and the space required for the load to be lifted and moved without obstruction. Ensure compliance with safety regulations and consult the crane's manufacturer or a qualified engineer for specific information on the working area of your particular crane.
2. The safe working load (SWL) of a multi-leg chain sling only applies in what TWO conditions or configuration?
The safe working load (SWL) of a multi-leg chain sling only applies in two conditions or configurations: when the legs of the sling are at the same angle, and when the load is evenly distributed across all legs.
3. Name THREE ways in which an operator can minimise their impact upon the environment whilst using the machine.
1. Use energy-efficient operating systems: Operators can minimize their impact on the environment by using overhead travelling cranes with energy-efficient systems, such as regenerative braking or variable frequency drives. These systems can reduce energy consumption during crane operation.
2. Adopt preventive and regular maintenance practices: By following scheduled maintenance procedures, operators can ensure the crane operates optimally, reducing the likelihood of breakdowns or malfunctions that lead to unnecessary emissions or waste.
3. Optimize material handling processes: Operators can minimize environmental impact by optimizing material handling processes, such as reducing trips or using efficient lifting techniques. This can result in lower energy consumption and emissions during crane operations.
4. Name TWO things that happen if the hoist rope is not vertical when lifting a load.
If the hoist rope is not vertical when lifting a load, two potential consequences can occur. Firstly, the load may swing or become unstable, compromising safety and potentially causing damage to the surrounding environment or equipment. Secondly, the load's weight distribution might become uneven, leading to a higher risk of the load shifting or tipping during the lifting process. Ensuring that the hoist rope remains vertical when lifting is crucial to maintain stability and minimize potential hazards.
5. During a rest break, or leaving the crane for a short period, what actions should be taken?
During a rest break or when leaving the crane briefly, you should follow these actions:
1. Engage the brake to secure the crane in position.
2. Lower the load or hoist to the ground, if applicable.
3. Switch off the power to the crane.
4. Remove the key or lock the control panel to prevent unauthorized use.
5. Make sure the area around the crane is clear of obstacles.
6. Lock the doors or access points to the crane if required.
Remember, safety is paramount, so always follow the manufacturer's instructions and the relevant health and safety guidelines.
6. What is the meaning of this hand signal (being demonstrated by the Tester)?
The hand signal you described is commonly used in the construction industry when operating an overhead travelling crane. It signifies the "stop" command, indicating that the operator should immediately halt the crane's movement. This signal is critical for ensuring safety on construction sites, as it allows for clear and concise communication between the team members. It is essential that all crane operators and workers understand and follow these hand signals to avoid accidents and maintain a safe working environment.
7. a) Who determines the lifting or rated capacity of the crane and b) where can the operator locate the lifting/rated capacity?
a) The lifting or rated capacity of an overhead travelling crane is determined by the crane manufacturer. They calculate and specify the maximum weight that the crane can safely lift.
b) The operator can locate the lifting/rated capacity information on the crane itself. It is typically displayed on a plate or label attached to the crane. The information will include the maximum weight that the crane can lift, understanding of which is important for safe operation and compliance with lifting regulations.
8. If a load of 6 tonnes is lifted on 2 falls or lines of rope, what is the tension in each fall or line?
The tension in each fall or line would be 3 tonnes (6 tonnes divided by 2 falls).
9. Two cranes are working in the same vicinity that encroach the working area of each. What actions would the lift plan or method statement normally specify?
The lift plan or method statement would typically specify measures to ensure safe operation of the cranes in close proximity. This may include designating specific areas for each crane, establishing clear communication protocols, implementing safety barriers or zones, and having a designated person responsible for coordinating the movements. The plan may also include restrictions on operations during certain times or conditions, such as high winds. These measures are intended to minimize the risk of collision or interference between the cranes and ensure safe working conditions.
10. What makes up the total (or gross) weight of a load that is to be lifted?
The total weight of a load to be lifted by an overhead travelling crane comprises the weight of the object itself along with any additional weight due to attachments, such as slings or chains. The weight also includes any fluids or materials contained within the object being lifted. It is important to accurately calculate the total weight to ensure that the crane is appropriately rated for the load, ensuring safe and efficient lifting operations.
11. If the legs of a chain sling are more than 90 degrees apart from each other, what happens to the SWL (WLL)?
If the legs of a chain sling are more than 90 degrees apart from each other, the Safe Working Load (SWL) or Working Load Limit (WLL) decreases. The reduction in SWL is calculated based on the angle between the chain legs. You can refer to a load angle chart or use trigonometry to determine the exact reduction in SWL for a given angle. It is important to always refer to the manufacturer's guidelines and lifting regulations to ensure safe and efficient use of the overhead travelling crane and chain sling.
12. If radios are to be used during the lifting operations, what FIVE actions and checks must be made by the crane operator before use?
Before using radios during lifting operations with an overhead travelling crane, the crane operator should do the following actions and checks:
1. Ensure the radios are in working condition and have sufficient battery power.
2. Check the radio frequency and make sure it is compatible with other equipment in use.
3. Conduct a radio communication test to confirm clear and reliable communication with all relevant parties.
4. Verify that all necessary personnel have the appropriate radios and are familiar with their operation.
5. Establish and follow established procedures for radio use, including proper etiquette and emergency protocols.
13. If the hook block inadvertently (accidentally) lands, what course of action should be taken?
If the hook block of an overhead travelling crane accidentally lands, the first step is to ensure the safety of personnel in the area. Evacuate if necessary. Once the area is secure, conduct a thorough examination of the crane and hook block to assess any damage or malfunctions. Evaluate if any corrective action is required to prevent future occurrences. Consult the crane manufacturer's guidelines for specific procedures. Lastly, conduct a detailed incident investigation to identify root causes and implement preventative measures. Regular maintenance and operator training help minimize the risk of such incidents.
14. How can wind speeds affect the lifting operation?
High wind speeds can have a significant impact on the lifting operation of an overhead travelling crane. Strong winds can cause the load to sway, which can compromise the stability and control of the crane. This can lead to accidents or damage to the load or the crane itself. It is crucial to assess wind speeds before proceeding with any lifting operation and to follow established safe working practices. In extreme cases, it may be necessary to postpone or suspend lifting activities until wind speeds decrease to a safe level.
15. In the event of illness or breakdown, where can the emergency procedures for egress/evacuation on cabbed types of overhead crane be found?
The emergency procedures for egress/evacuation on cabbed types of overhead crane can typically be found in the manufacturer's operating manual or user guide. This documentation will provide specific instructions on how to safely evacuate the crane in case of illness or breakdown. It is important to familiarize yourself with this information and ensure that all personnel operating the crane are also aware of the emergency procedures.
16. What prevents the hook block from contacting the pulley if raised too high?
A limit switch, usually positioned at the top of the crane, prevents the hook block from contacting the pulley if raised beyond a certain height. The limit switch is activated when the hook block reaches the upper end of its safe working envelope, signaling the crane to stop raising the load. This safety feature ensures that the hook block does not make contact with the pulley, preventing damage to both components and reducing the risk of accidents.
17. What does The Health and Safety at Work Act require employers to do with regards specifically to plant?
The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to ensure that plant, including overhead travelling cranes, are safe, properly maintained, and used by trained and competent workers. The act requires employers to assess risks, provide information, instructions, and training, and take appropriate measures to control and mitigate any hazards associated with the use of plant. This includes regular inspections, maintenance, and testing to prevent accidents and ensure worker safety. Employers must also have effective emergency procedures in place and provide adequate supervision and monitoring of plant operations.
18. When travelling with a load, where should the operator be looking?
When travelling with a load, the operator of an overhead travelling crane should primarily focus on the path ahead to ensure clear passage and prevent collisions. However, it is also crucial for the operator to periodically check the load itself to monitor its stability and any potential issues. Maintaining a proper distance from the load and being aware of the surroundings is important to ensure safe operation of the crane.
19. a) When is a trial lift carried out and b) name THREE checks to be made.
a) A trial lift should be carried out before using an overhead travelling crane to ensure its safe operation.
b) Three checks to be made are:
1. Verify that the load capacity of the crane is compatible with the weight of the load to be lifted.
2. Inspect the crane's mechanisms, including hoists, trolleys, and controls, to ensure their proper functioning.
3. Check the condition of the crane's supporting structure, such as beams and rails, to ensure their stability and integrity.
20. Crane operators are generally regarded as 'safety-critical' workers. What does this mean?
Being deemed 'safety-critical' means that the role of crane operators carries a significant responsibility for the safety of themselves, others, and the equipment they operate. It signifies that any error or negligence could potentially result in serious accidents or harm. Therefore, crane operators must adhere to strict safety protocols, operate within designated guidelines, and possess the necessary skills and qualifications. Their role is crucial in ensuring the safe and efficient movement of materials, making their job of paramount importance in the construction industry.
21. How can a qualification or card benefit a crane operator?
A qualification or card can benefit a crane operator by providing proof of their competence and skills, which is important for ensuring safe and efficient operations. It can enhance their employment prospects, as many employers require operators to hold recognized qualifications. A qualification or card can also demonstrate compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, reducing the risk of penalties or legal issues. Additionally, it can give operators confidence in their abilities and provide a framework for ongoing professional development. Overall, a qualification or card is valuable for both the operator's career progression and the industry's safety standards.
22. Before the lifting accessories are connected to the load, what needs to be taken into account once the load has been placed?
Once the load has been placed, there are several factors to consider before connecting the lifting accessories. First, you need to assess if the load is secure and correctly positioned. Check if the load's weight, dimensions, and center of gravity are within the crane's capacity and the lifting accessories' limits. Additionally, verify if the load is balanced and stable, which may require using slings or spreader beams. Ensure that the load is not damaged or has any loose or protruding parts that could compromise safety. Only after confirming these aspects should you proceed with connecting the lifting accessories.
23. Only two legs of a 4 tonne 4 leg chain sling are being used. What is the maximum load that can be lifted?
If only two legs of a 4-tonne 4-leg chain sling are being used, the maximum load that can be lifted would be 2 tonnes. Each leg of the chain sling contributes to the overall lifting capacity, so by using only two legs, half of the total capacity is available.
24. Name THREE ways that trips, slips and falls in the working area can be caused.
Trips, slips, and falls in the working area can be caused by various factors. Here are three common causes:
1. Uneven or slippery surfaces: Workplaces with uneven or slippery floors, such as wet or oily surfaces, increase the risk of trips, slips, and falls.
2. Poor housekeeping: Cluttered work areas, scattered debris, or obstructed walkways can create hazards and increase the likelihood of accidents.
3. Lack of awareness or training: Insufficient knowledge or awareness of workplace hazards, along with inadequate training on safe practices, can contribute to trips, slips, and falls.
Proper attention to surface conditions, maintaining workplace cleanliness, and providing comprehensive training can help minimize these risks.
25. Where should the Operator's Manual be kept and why?
The Operator's Manual for an overhead travelling crane should be kept in close proximity to the crane itself, such as in a designated storage box or compartment within the crane housing. This ensures that the manual is easily accessible to the crane operator whenever they need to refer to it for guidance, instructions, or safety information. Keeping the manual nearby promotes efficient and safe operation of the crane, reducing the risk of errors or accidents.
26. List SIX typical subject areas that should be covered in a site induction.
1. Health and Safety: Covering basic safety procedures, emergency protocols, personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements, and any specific hazards unique to the site.
2. Site Layout: Explaining the site layout, including key areas, facilities, and access points for site workers.
3. Work Environment: Informing workers about potential environmental factors such as noise, dust, and weather conditions, and how to address them.
4. Site Rules and Regulations: Outlining site-specific rules, regulations, and protocols to ensure compliance and promote a safe working environment.
5. Project Scope and Objectives: Providing an overview of the project's scope, objectives, and timelines to enhance understanding and promote teamwork.
6. Communication and Reporting: Explaining communication channels, reporting procedures, and contact points for site-related queries or incidents.
27. For externally-located travelling cranes, wind speeds can be variable throughout the working day. What action must be taken to ensure safe working conditions are maintained?
To ensure safe working conditions with externally-located travelling cranes affected by variable wind speeds, consider the following actions:
1. Regularly monitor wind speeds using weather forecasts or anemometers.
2. Implement wind speed limits specific to the crane's design and capabilities.
3. Train operators on appropriate wind speed thresholds and safety protocols.
4. Implement a system to immediately suspend crane operations when wind speeds exceed safe limits.
5. Conduct regular inspections of the crane's structural integrity, particularly in high wind areas.
6. Consider using wind socks or indicators on the crane to provide real-time wind speed visibility.
7. Collaborate with meteorological experts to obtain accurate and localized wind speed data.
By addressing these points, you can help maintain safe working conditions for externally-located travelling cranes in variable wind speeds.
28. Outline when checks and thorough examinations are required to be carried out for both an overhead travelling crane and the lifting accessories.
For an overhead travelling crane, checks and thorough examinations should be conducted regularly. It is recommended to perform daily visual inspections for any signs of damage or wear. Additionally, a more detailed examination should be done at least every 12 months, covering mechanical, structural, and electrical components. However, more frequent examinations may be necessary depending on the crane's usage and operating conditions. Similarly, lifting accessories such as slings and hooks should also undergo regular inspections to ensure they are in good working condition. It is best to follow manufacturer guidelines and consult with a qualified inspector to determine appropriate inspection intervals.
29. Describe the types of the warning systems that may be present on overhead cranes.
There are several types of warning systems that may be present on overhead cranes. These include audible alarms, which emit a sound to alert workers about the crane's movement or potential hazards. Visual warning systems, such as flashing lights or strobe lights, can also be used to provide a visual indication of crane activity or danger zones. Some cranes may also have proximity sensors, which can detect the presence of objects or people in the crane's path and trigger a warning to prevent accidents. These warning systems are important for maintaining safety in the construction industry.
30. State the functions or job role of the following personnel: a) Appointed Person, b) Crane/lifting operations Supervisor, c) Slinger,
a) The Appointed Person is responsible for planning and managing lifting operations. They ensure that the lifting equipment and personnel are adequately prepared, and that the lift is carried out safely and efficiently.
b) The Crane/lifting operations Supervisor oversees the crane and lifting operations at a construction site. They ensure that the crane operators and other personnel involved in lifting activities are following safety regulations and performing their duties correctly.
c) A Slinger is responsible for attaching and detaching loads to and from the crane. They ensure that the loads are secure and properly balanced before lifting or moving them. They also communicate with the crane operator to ensure safe and controlled movements.
31. Name FOUR different types or levels of sanctions that can be applied (by employers and judicial bodies) to plant operators who do not comply with, or follow legislation and regulations?
Four types or levels of sanctions that can be applied to plant operators who do not comply with legislation and regulations are verbal warnings, written warnings, financial penalties, and suspension or revocation of licenses/permits. Verbal warnings serve as initial reminders, while written warnings document non-compliance issues. Financial penalties can be imposed to deter non-compliance, and suspension or revocation of licenses/permits may be used in more severe cases to prevent further breaches. These sanctions aim to enforce compliance and encourage plant operators to uphold legal requirements in the construction industry.
32. a) What checks should be made to the running rails and support structure and b) when should the checks be made?
a) The running rails and support structure of an overhead travelling crane should be checked for any visible signs of damage, such as cracks, bends, or excessive wear. Additionally, the alignment of the rails should be inspected to ensure they are parallel and level.
b) Checks should be made regularly, preferably before each use, to ensure the safety and proper functioning of the crane. It is important to establish a maintenance schedule that includes routine inspections and repairs, as necessary, to prevent any potential accidents or disruptions in crane operations.
33. Apart from the operator, who else may need to use the machine's Operator's Manual?
Other personnel who may need to use the operator's manual for an overhead travelling crane include maintenance technicians, inspectors, and safety officers. It is important for anyone who interacts with the machine or needs to understand its operation and safety procedures to have access to the operator's manual.
34. What is the definition of, or how can a hazard be described?
A hazard can be defined as any source, situation, or act that has the potential to cause harm, injury, or damage to people, equipment, or the surrounding environment. In the context of an overhead travelling crane, hazards may include but are not limited to: collisions or crush injuries caused by the crane or its load, electrical hazards if proper insulation and grounding measures are not in place, improper maintenance leading to equipment failure, operator error or lack of training leading to accidents, and inadequate safety procedures or equipment.
35. Name TWO advantages of using an overhead crane over other forms of lifting equipment.
Two advantages of using an overhead crane are increased lifting capacity and the ability to cover large areas for material handling.
36. Before a load is lifted and travelled to the landing area, what THREE factors need to be taken into account with regards to the landing area?
When considering the landing area for an overhead travelling crane, THREE factors to take into account are:
1. Load Capacity: Ensure that the landing area can safely support the weight of the load being lifted, including any additional factors such as equipment, workers, or materials.
2. Obstructions: Identify and remove any potential obstacles or obstructions that could interfere with the crane's movement or cause damage to the load.
3. Accessibility: Confirm that the landing area is easily accessible for the crane, with adequate space for maneuvering, loading, and unloading the load.
37. If setting up to lift loads where there are pedestrian designated walkways within the working area, what main factor needs to be taken into account?
The main factor to consider when setting up an overhead travelling crane in an area with pedestrian walkways is ensuring the safety of pedestrians. A clear and defined separation must be created between the crane lifting zone and pedestrian walkways to prevent any potential accidents. This can be achieved by implementing physical barriers, such as fencing or barriers, or by using clearly marked and identified walkways that are separate from the crane's operating area. This will help to minimize the risk of collisions and ensure the safety of individuals working in the vicinity.
38. Explain THREE factors that could affect the integrity an exclusion zone and safe movements within the working area.
Three factors that could affect the integrity of an exclusion zone and safe movements within the working area with an overhead travelling crane are:
1. Load capacity: The crane's design and load capacity must be considered to ensure that the crane is not overloaded. Exceeding the load capacity can compromise the stability of the crane and increase the risk of accidents.
2. Operator training: Adequate and appropriate training of the crane operators is crucial. Skilled operators understand the safe working limits of the crane, such as its lifting capacity and the importance of keeping the working area clear.
3. Maintenance and inspections: Regular maintenance and inspections of the crane are essential to identify any potential issues that could compromise its integrity or safe operation. This ensures that any problems can be addressed promptly, reducing the risk of accidents.
39. What checks should be made to the remote-controlled unit before work?
Before operating the remote-controlled unit of an overhead travelling crane, you should perform the following checks:
1. Inspect the remote control for any visible damage or defects.
2. Ensure the batteries in the remote control are fully charged or replaced if necessary.
3. Verify that the remote control is functioning correctly by testing all operational buttons.
4. Check the communication between the remote control and the crane's receiver to ensure a reliable connection.
5. Review the manufacturer's guidelines and operating instructions for the specific remote control unit.
Remember to document and address any issues or concerns found during the checks.
40. What would happen if the operator faces away from the crane whilst using the remote control unit?
If the operator faces away from the crane while using the remote control unit, it could lead to a lack of visibility and increased risk of accidents. The operator needs to have a clear view of the crane and its surroundings to ensure safe and precise operation. Additionally, facing away from the crane may hinder the operator's ability to respond quickly to any potential hazards or emergencies. It is important for the operator to always face towards the crane while using the remote control unit for optimal safety and control.
41. Name TWO ways that wet weather can affect lifting operations.
Wet weather can affect lifting operations in two ways. Firstly, it may make the ground or terrain slippery, increasing the risk of accidents or instability during lifting. Secondly, moisture can compromise the structural integrity of the lifting equipment, particularly if it is not waterproof or adequately protected. This can result in rust, corrosion, or equipment malfunction, further jeopardizing the safety and efficiency of the lifting operation.
42. If during the lifting of a load, the slinger notices that the accessory is not attached correctly, what is the first verbal instruction (via radio) that must be given to the crane operator?
The first verbal instruction should be to stop the crane immediately.
43. What are the possible outcomes if being prosecuted for not complying with legislation and regulations?
The possible outcomes of not complying with legislation and regulations for an overhead travelling crane vary depending on the specific circumstances and the jurisdiction in question. These may include fines, penalties, suspension or revocation of operating licenses, legal action, and potential liability for any accidents, injuries, or damages that may occur as a result of non-compliance. It is crucial to ensure that all relevant laws and regulations are followed to maintain safety and avoid legal consequences. Consult with legal counsel for more specific advice regarding your situation.
44. When using a radio remote unit, what should be taken into account if the operator remains in a static position whilst a load is being travelled?
When using a radio remote unit for an overhead travelling crane, the operator should consider the following:
1. Ensure clear visibility of the load and the crane's path.
2. Maintain constant communication with other personnel in the area.
3. Be aware of any potential obstacles or hazards along the crane's route.
4. Monitor the load and ensure it remains balanced and secure during travel.
5. Follow all safety protocols and procedures, including emergency stop procedures.
6. Adhere to the manufacturer's guidelines and recommendations for using the radio remote unit.
Remaining in a static position while the load is being travelled should not compromise safety if the above points are considered.
45. On a busy construction site, if required, how would the slinger/signaller be identified to the crane operator?
The slinger/signaller on a busy construction site can be easily identified to the crane operator through the use of high-visibility clothing with clear contrasting colors. This allows for easy recognition and helps to prevent any confusion or miscommunication between the two parties. Additionally, the slinger/signaller may also use hand signals or radio communication to further ensure clear and efficient coordination with the crane operator.
46. At the end of the shift: a) what THREE security measures should be applied and b) why?
a) The three security measures that should be applied at the end of the shift for an overhead travelling crane are:
1. Lockout/tagout procedures should be followed to ensure the power source is safely disconnected and cannot be accidentally activated.
2. The crane should be parked in a designated area away from any potential hazards or obstructions.
3. Any tools or materials should be properly stored to prevent falling hazards or damage.
b) These security measures are important to ensure the safety of workers and prevent accidents or damage to the crane or surrounding area. Properly securing the crane and following lockout/tagout procedures helps to eliminate the risk of unintended movement or operation. Storing tools and materials reduces the risk of slips, trips, or falling objects. Overall, these measures contribute to maintaining a safe working environment.
47. On remote or pendant controlled overhead cranes, before following a load on foot to the landing area, what should be taken into account?
Before following a load on foot to the landing area, the operator of a remote or pendant controlled overhead crane should consider the following:
1. Ensure there is sufficient clearance for safe movement.
2. Verify that the travel path is clear of obstructions.
3. Be mindful of any potential hazards such as uneven surfaces or low overhead obstructions.
4. Ensure that the load is properly secured and balanced to prevent swinging or shifting during movement.
5. Adequate communication with other personnel involved in the operation should be established.
6. Take weather conditions into account, especially if operating outdoors.
7. Follow all safety procedures and guidelines specified by the crane manufacturer and relevant regulatory authorities.
48. During the lifting operation, part of the task cannot be carried out as detailed in the lift plan. a) What initially must happen to the lifting operation and b) who authorises any changes?
a) If part of the lifting operation cannot be carried out as detailed in the lift plan, the lifting operation should be paused until a solution is found. It is important to ensure that safety is prioritized and the lifting operation is not continued in a potentially unsafe manner.
b) The authorization to make changes to the lifting operation should be granted by the appointed person or the lifting supervisor. These individuals are responsible for overseeing the lifting operation and have the authority to make necessary changes or modifications based on the circumstances that arise during the operation.
49. What THREE main duties of The Health and Safety at Work Act must employees follow?
Employees must follow three main duties as outlined in The Health and Safety at Work Act. These are:
1. To take reasonable care of their own health and safety, as well as that of others who may be affected by their actions or omissions.
2. To cooperate with their employers and follow any instructions given relating to health and safety.
3. To not interfere or misuse anything provided for health and safety purposes, such as safety equipment or emergency procedures.
50. Name THREE proximity hazards that could be within the working area of the crane.
Three proximity hazards that could be within the working area of an overhead travelling crane include:
1. People working or walking near the crane, who may be struck by moving parts or the load being lifted.
2. Other equipment or objects that could obstruct the crane's movement or pose a collision risk.
3. Electromagnetic interference from nearby power lines or electrical equipment that could affect the crane's controls or safety systems.
51. The operator has to use a new model of Overhead Travelling Crane that they are unfamiliar with. What do Regulations (i.e. LOLER 98) and other guidance require the operator to have?
Under LOLER 98, the operator of an overhead travelling crane should have proper training, knowledge, and competence to safely operate the crane. They need to be familiar with the specific make and model they are operating. The operator should have received written instructions and been provided with adequate information about the crane's safe use. Additional guidance may vary depending on the specific circumstances and industry practices. It is essential to consult relevant industry guidance and manufacturer recommendations to ensure compliance with all necessary requirements.
52. What is meant by centre of gravity, or how is the centre of gravity determined on a load to be lifted?
The centre of gravity refers to the point where the entire weight of an object is considered to act. For a load to be lifted, the centre of gravity must be determined to ensure stability and prevent tilting or tipping. To find the centre of gravity, several methods can be used, including visual inspection, calculation using known dimensions and weights, or experimental methods like using a plumb line. It is essential to know the centre of gravity before lifting a load to ensure safe and balanced handling.
53. If a heavy load is being travelled at high speed, what TWO factors must the operator (and signaller) take into account when the load reaches the placing point?
When a heavy load is being moved at high speed using an overhead travelling crane, the operator and signaller must consider two factors when the load reaches the placing point. Firstly, they must evaluate the stability of the load to ensure that it can be safely placed without causing any instability or toppling. Secondly, they should assess the positioning and alignment of the load to ensure that it is accurately placed at the desired location. Proper consideration of these factors will help ensure safe and effective handling of the load.
54. What information is needed when estimating the weight of a load?
When estimating the weight of a load for an overhead travelling crane, you need to know the type and size of the load, including its length, width, and height. Additionally, the material composition and density of the load are crucial. It is essential to consider any additional equipment attached to the load, such as spreader bars or slings. If available, any documentation, such as weight certificates or specifications, can provide valuable information. Consulting a structural engineer or using load testing equipment may be necessary for accurate estimations. Always prioritize safety and consult relevant regulations or standards for guidance.
55. What do The Work at Height Regulations require of crane operations?
The Work at Height Regulations require that crane operations are done safely and securely to prevent falls from height. This requires proper planning, training, and competent personnel being in control of the operation. Measures such as using safety harnesses, fall protection systems, and secure anchor points are also necessary. The regulations also emphasize the importance of regular inspections, maintenance, and keeping records of crane equipment. Ultimately, the regulations aim to minimize the risk of accidents and ensure the safety of workers when working at height using overhead travelling cranes.
56. If lifting loads to below ground level, name THREE considerations that need to be taken into account.
1. Ensure that the crane is equipped with appropriate mechanisms, such as a hook or grab, to safely lift and lower loads below ground level.
2. Confirm that the crane's lifting capacity and hoisting speed are suitable for the specific loads being lifted below ground, taking into account the additional forces required to overcome gravity and any frictional resistance.
3. Adequately assess the structural stability and load-bearing capacity of the ground or surface where the crane will operate, accounting for the potential impact of the lifted loads below ground on the stability of the working area.
57. Name TWO effects of excessive load swing.
Two effects of excessive load swing are increased risk of accidents due to potential collisions with objects or people, and decreased productivity as the swinging load hampers precise movement and positioning of the crane.
58. a) How does the number of lines or falls of rope affect the lifting capacity for the crane and b) how is hoist speed affected when the number of lines (or falls of rope) is reduced?
a) The number of lines or falls of rope directly affects the lifting capacity of an overhead travelling crane. The more lines or falls of rope, the greater the lifting capacity. This is due to an increase in mechanical advantage, as the weight is distributed over multiple lines or falls of rope, allowing for a higher lifting capacity.
b) When the number of lines or falls of rope is reduced, the hoist speed of the crane is increased. This is because there is less mechanical advantage, resulting in less weight being distributed over the remaining lines or falls of rope. As a result, the hoist speed can be increased as the load being lifted is lighter.
59. Using the Operator's Manual or other information source, what is the procedure for checking the hoisting limit switch for the crane on the test
To check the hoisting limit switch on the overhead travelling crane, refer to the Operator's Manual or relevant information source provided. Follow the outlined procedure for checking the hoisting limit switch during a test. Make sure to follow all safety precautions and instructions provided by the manual or information source. If there are specific details or concerns about the test or the hoisting limit switch, please provide more information for a more precise response.
60. Within the construction and allied sectors, apart from lifting using the hook, what other type of work can overhead travelling cranes undertake?
Overhead travelling cranes in construction can perform various tasks beyond lifting. They can transport materials, such as steel beams and concrete blocks, across the work site. They can also be equipped with specialized attachments for tasks like pouring concrete or erecting structural elements. Furthermore, overhead cranes can be utilized for assembly and installation work, moving heavy machinery, and facilitating maintenance and repair activities. Overall, they enable efficient and safe handling of heavy loads, enhancing productivity and minimizing manual labour.
61. Name THREE ways that the operator can contribute to the successful completion of the work programme
The operator of an overhead travelling crane can contribute to the successful completion of the work programme by:
1. Following all safety protocols and guidelines to ensure a safe working environment.
2. Efficiently operating the crane, minimizing downtime and delays in lifting and moving materials.
3. Communicating effectively with other workers, supervisors, and contractors to ensure coordination and smooth execution of tasks.
62. What is the purpose of a risk assessment?
The purpose of a risk assessment for an overhead travelling crane is to identify potential hazards and evaluate the associated risks to workers and the project. It helps to ensure that appropriate control measures are implemented to reduce those risks to an acceptable level. This assessment considers factors such as the crane's operation, maintenance, and use. It assists in complying with legal requirements and protecting the health and safety of those involved. Ultimately, the goal is to mitigate the chance of accidents and injuries, promoting a safer working environment.
63. When would a load require netting?
A load may require netting in situations where there is a risk of loose items falling during lifting and movement. Netting helps to contain and secure the load, preventing objects from falling and causing potential injury or damage. It is commonly used when transporting materials like bricks, stones, or debris that have a tendency to become dislodged. Additionally, netting can be useful when dealing with lightweight or irregular-shaped objects that might be prone to shifting or slipping during transportation. Overall, it helps to maintain safety and protect against hazards on construction sites.
64. If the lifting of persons needs to take place, what THREE factors must be taken into account?
When lifting persons with an overhead travelling crane, three factors that must be considered are:
1. Compliance with Health and Safety regulations, including appropriate safety measures and training.
2. Ensuring the crane's design and capacity are suitable for lifting persons, with adequate safety features, such as safety nets or platforms.
3. Implementing proper procedures and risk assessments to ensure the safe and controlled movement of the crane when lifting persons.
65. What do the words SWL, as stamped on lifting accessories, signify?
SWL stands for Safe Working Load. It is the maximum weight that a lifting accessory, such as an overhead traveling crane, is designed to safely lift. The SWL is determined during the design and manufacturing process and is usually expressed in metric tons or kilograms. It is important to adhere to the specified SWL to ensure safe operation and prevent accidents or equipment failure. Always check the SWL stamped on lifting accessories and do not exceed the weight limit. Regular inspections and maintenance are also essential to maintain the safety and performance of the equipment.
66. At the end of the shift, in what position and condition should the hook be left in?
At the end of the shift, the hook of the overhead travelling crane should be left in the fully lowered position, with no load attached to it. It is also important to ensure that the crane is switched off and properly secured to prevent any unauthorized use. Regular inspection and maintenance should be carried out to ensure the crane remains in safe working condition.
67. Using the Operator's Manual or other information source, state the maximum wind speed that the crane may be operated in
Refer to the crane's operator manual or consult the manufacturer's information source to ascertain the maximum wind speed allowable for operation.
68. What are the THREE actions or stages that a crane operator undertakes during pre-use checks?
During pre-use checks, a crane operator typically conducts three actions. Firstly, they visually inspect the crane, ensuring it is free from damage and any loose or missing parts. Secondly, they check the operating controls, verifying that they are in proper working condition and respond correctly. Lastly, the operator examines the safety devices, such as limit switches, overload protection, and emergency stop buttons, to confirm that they are functioning as intended. These checks help ensure the crane's safety and efficiency before it is used.
69. a) What is the purpose of a Method Statement and b) what is required of the operator?
a) The purpose of a Method Statement is to outline the step-by-step process of executing a particular construction task. It details the sequence of activities, equipment, resources, and safety measures required. It is used to ensure work is carried out in a safe and controlled manner, minimizing risks to workers and the public, and ensuring compliance with relevant regulations.
b) The operator of an Overhead Travelling Crane is required to be trained and competent in its operation. They must follow established safe working practices, including conducting pre-use checks, ensuring the crane is in good working order, and adhering to weight limits and lifting procedures. Operators must also communicate effectively with the signaler and maintain a good understanding of the site conditions and potential hazards.
70. What problems can be created when operating the crane in high-speed drive?
Operating an overhead travelling crane in high-speed drive can lead to several problems. Firstly, increased speed can lead to reduced control and maneuverability, making it challenging to position loads accurately. Secondly, the higher speed can increase the risk of collisions or accidents, especially in busy work environments. Additionally, high-speed operation puts excessive strain on the crane's components, potentially causing accelerated wear and tear or mechanical failures. It is crucial to prioritize safety and carefully assess the suitability of operating the crane at high speeds, considering the specific work environment and conditions.