1. What advantage is there in increasing the number of falls on a hook block?
Increasing the number of falls on a hook block allows for increased lifting capacity. This is because the weight of the load is distributed across multiple lines, reducing the strain on each individual line. However, it's important to note that increasing falls also increases the complexity of the lifting operation and requires careful consideration of factors such as load stability, crane capacity, and rigging requirements. It's essential to consult with a qualified lifting operations supervisor and adhere to industry standards and regulations to ensure safe and efficient lifting operations.
2. Name TWO possible penalties for not following legal requirements when using a crane.
Two possible penalties for non-compliance with legal requirements when using a crane include fines and imprisonment. Fines can vary depending on the severity of the offense and are typically imposed by regulatory authorities to deter non-compliance. Imprisonment may be imposed in cases of serious breaches or when there is a risk of harm or negligence. The exact penalties will depend on the specific circumstances and the laws applicable in the given jurisdiction. It is essential to adhere to legal requirements to ensure the safety of workers and the public.
3. If a heavy load is being slewed at too a high speed over at least 180 degrees, what TWO factors must the operator and signaller take into account?
When slewing a heavy load at a high speed over at least 180 degrees, the operator and signaller must consider two factors: stability and control. It is crucial to maintain the crane's stability throughout the operation to avoid tipping or instability. The operator should also ensure that they have proper control over the load, especially during high-speed slewing, to prevent swinging or unintended movements that may compromise safety. By considering stability and control, the crane operation can be conducted safely and efficiently.
4. Explain the purpose of the over-hoist limit switch.
The over-hoist limit switch is used as a safety measure to prevent the crane from lifting loads beyond its safe capacity. It is designed to automatically stop the crane's hoisting motion when the load reaches a predetermined height, which is typically slightly above the maximum safe lifting limit. This ensures that the crane operator does not accidentally exceed the crane's rated capacity, reducing the risk of structural damage or accidents caused by overloading. Overall, the over-hoist limit switch helps to maintain safe lifting operations and prevents potential harm to personnel and equipment.
5. Name THREE ways that a crane supervisor can contribute in ensuring repeat business with the client or principal contractor.
A crane supervisor can contribute to repeat business with the client or principal contractor by ensuring:
1. Efficient and safe crane operations: By overseeing and supervising the lifting operations, the supervisor can ensure that the work is carried out efficiently, with minimal disruption and risk. This enhances client satisfaction and promotes repeat business.
2. Effective communication: The supervisor can establish clear lines of communication between the crane crew, other workers, and the client or principal contractor. This helps in coordinating the work, addressing concerns, and meeting the client's expectations, thereby fostering strong relationships for repeat business.
3. Compliance with regulations and standards: Being knowledgeable about relevant regulations and standards, the supervisor can ensure that the crane operations comply with them. This creates a positive impression of professionalism and reliability, encouraging clients and principal contractors to continue working with the supervisor and their team.
6. To whom should the appointed person give all details involving the lifting operation?
The appointed person should give all details involving the lifting operation to the Crane/Lifting Operations Supervisor.
7. The operator has to use a new model of crane that they are unfamiliar with. What do Regulations (i.e. LOLER 98) and other guidance require the operator to have?
According to LOLER 98 regulations and related guidance, the operator of a new crane model must possess the necessary knowledge, training, and competence to operate it safely. They should receive adequate training on the specific crane model and be familiar with its controls, functions, and limitations. Additionally, the operator should have a thorough understanding of relevant health and safety legislation and guidelines, including LOLER 98 requirements. It is essential for the operator to be able to carry out pre-use checks and risk assessments, in order to ensure safe and efficient crane operations.
8. If setting up to lift loads near a pedestrianised area, what main factor needs to be taken into account?
The main factor to consider when setting up to lift loads near a pedestrianised area is the safety of pedestrians. It is crucial to ensure that the lifting operations do not pose a risk to people walking in the vicinity. This can be achieved by implementing appropriate safety measures, such as using barriers or signage to create a safe exclusion zone, providing clear communication to pedestrians about the ongoing lifting operations, and having trained personnel to monitor and manage pedestrian movement during the lift. Regular communication and collaboration with local authorities might also be necessary to ensure compliance with any relevant regulations or guidelines.
9. List SIX typical subject areas that should be covered in a site induction.
1. Health and Safety Procedures: Covering the site-specific rules and regulations, emergency procedures, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
2. Site Layout and Access: Providing information on the layout of the site, designated access routes, and any restricted areas.
3. Work Schedule and Breaks: Outlining the working hours, break facilities, and any specific rules for taking breaks.
4. Site Hazards and Controls: Identifying potential hazards on site, such as uneven ground, overhead power lines, or hazardous materials, and explaining the control measures in place.
5. Communication and Reporting: Explaining the communication channels and reporting procedures, including who to contact in case of incidents, accidents, or near-misses.
6. Environmental considerations: Highlighting any environmentally sensitive areas or considerations, such as waste management, noise restrictions, or protected species.
Please note that this is not an exhaustive list and may vary depending on the specific requirements of the site induction.
10. How can a qualification or card benefit a crane supervisor?
A qualification or card can benefit a crane supervisor by providing evidence of their competence and expertise in crane operations and lifting operations. It demonstrates that they have undergone relevant training and have the necessary knowledge to effectively supervise crane and lifting operations. This can enhance their credibility and ensure compliance with industry standards and regulations. It can also open up career opportunities and increase job prospects, as employers often look for qualified professionals to oversee these operations. Additionally, a qualification or card can provide reassurance to clients and stakeholders, indicating that the supervisor is capable of managing these operations safely and efficiently.
11. State SIX environmental factors that can affect an external lifting operation.
The primary environmental factors that can affect an external lifting operation are wind, rain, temperature, visibility, ground conditions, and proximity to obstacles. Wind can make lifting challenging by affecting both the stability and control of the crane. Rain can create slippery conditions and reduce visibility. Temperature, especially extreme cold, can affect crane components and lifting capacity. Poor visibility due to fog, mist, or darkness can impact safety. Ground conditions, like soft or uneven terrain, can affect crane stability. Proximity to obstacles, such as buildings or power lines, requires careful planning and appropriate precautions. These factors need to be assessed and managed during an external lifting operation.
12. State why there must be a safe system of work.
A safe system of work is crucial for crane/lifting operations supervisors to minimize the risk of accidents and ensure a safe working environment. It helps identify hazards, assess risks, and implement control measures. This systematic approach ensures that all personnel involved understand their roles and responsibilities, follow established procedures, and use appropriate equipment. It promotes safety awareness, reduces the likelihood of errors, and mitigates potential harm to personnel, nearby individuals, and property. In summary, a safe system of work provides clear guidelines and safeguards that protect everyone involved in crane/lifting operations and helps prevent accidents and injuries.
13. Give THREE examples of how excessive rain can affect an external lifting operation when using a mobile crane.
Excessive rain can affect an external lifting operation in several ways when using a mobile crane. Firstly, it can make the ground soft and muddy, reducing the stability and support for the crane, making it unsafe to operate. Secondly, rain can cause slippery surfaces, making it difficult for the crane to move safely and accurately. Lastly, heavy rain can affect visibility for the crane operator, making it harder to see obstacles and potential hazards. Overall, excessive rain can compromise the safety and efficiency of the lifting operation.
14. What are the types of warning that an RCI will indicate?
An RCI (Rated Capacity Indicator) on a crane will typically provide warnings related to the crane's capacity. This may include warnings when the load approaches or exceeds the crane's rated capacity, when the load's radius exceeds the crane's charted limits, or when the crane is operating on uneven or unstable ground. It may also warn of any potential obstructions or dangers in the crane's path. The specific warnings will vary depending on the make and model of the crane and its RCI system.
15. Name THREE factors that determine the safe working load of the crane.
The three factors that determine the safe working load of a crane are the manufacturer's specifications and rated capacity, the condition and maintenance of the crane, and the configuration and stability of the lifting operation.
16. List TWO methods of obtaining the accurate weight of a load.
1. One method to obtain the accurate weight of a load is by using a calibrated scale specifically designed for weighing objects. The load can be placed on the scale and its weight can be read directly from the scale's display.
2. Another method is to consult the load's documentation, such as engineering drawings or manufacturer specifications, which should provide the accurate weight of the load. If this information is not readily available, it may be necessary to contact the relevant authorities or experts in the field to obtain the accurate weight.
17. What is the purpose of a risk assessment?
The purpose of a risk assessment is to identify potential hazards and assess the associated risks before carrying out crane or lifting operations. It helps to prevent accidents, injuries, and damage to property. By evaluating the likelihood and severity of different risks, necessary control measures can be identified and implemented to reduce or eliminate them. This ensures the safety of workers, the public, and the integrity of the lifting equipment. Regularly reviewing and updating risk assessments is crucial to maintaining a safe working environment.
18. What are the possible outcomes if facing prosecution for not complying with legislation and regulations?
If you are prosecuted for not complying with legislation and regulations as a Crane/Lifting Operations Supervisor, the possible outcomes can include fines, penalties, criminal charges, and potential imprisonment. The severity of the consequences will depend on the nature and extent of the non-compliance, as well as any resulting harm or risk to health and safety. It is crucial to prioritize compliance to ensure a safe working environment and avoid legal repercussions. Seek legal advice if you are facing prosecution to understand the specific implications in your situation.
19. a) What is meant by the lifting capacity of the crane and b) who determines it?
a) The lifting capacity of a crane refers to the maximum weight it can lift safely. It is determined by the crane manufacturer and specified in the crane's load chart.
b) The lifting capacity is determined by the crane manufacturer through a series of tests and calculations based on factors such as the crane's design, structural integrity, and stability. It is important to ensure that the lifting capacity is not exceeded to avoid accidents and maintain safety on the construction site.
20. Name FOUR different types or levels of disciplinary actions or sanctions that can be applied (by employers and judicial bodies) to operators of plant who do not comply with, or follow legislation and regulations.
1. Verbal Warning: Employers may issue a verbal warning to operators who fail to comply with legislation and regulations. This serves as an informal reminder to adhere to safety protocols.
2. Written Warning: Employers can provide a written warning to operators as a more formal disciplinary action. This document outlines the specific infractions and consequences if the behavior is not rectified.
3. Suspension: Employers have the option to suspend an operator for a specified period. This sends a stronger message and gives the individual time to reflect on their actions.
4. Termination: In severe cases where an operator repeatedly disregards regulations, employers may make the difficult decision to terminate their employment. This is a last resort to protect the safety of the workplace and adhere to legal requirements.
21. How is the SWL/WLL/rated capacity for multi-leg slings determined?
The Safe Working Load (SWL), Working Load Limit (WLL), or rated capacity of multi-leg slings is determined by considering factors such as sling angle, type of sling material, and number of legs. The manufacturer provides guidelines and tables to calculate the maximum rated capacity based on these factors. It is essential to follow these guidelines to ensure safe lifting operations. The factors affecting the calculation include angles, factors of safety, and sling configurations. Always refer to the manufacturer's instructions and consult a competent person to determine the correct SWL/WLL for multi-leg slings.
22. a) What is the purpose of a Method Statement and b) what is required of the operator?
a) The purpose of a Method Statement in crane/lifting operations is to outline the systematic approach for completing the task safely. It details the sequence of work, potential hazards, control measures, equipment, and personnel involved. It helps ensure everyone understands the process and follows the necessary precautions.
b) The operator of a crane/lifting operation is required to possess appropriate competencies, training, and certification. They must operate the equipment safely, follow the planned method statement, and adhere to all relevant regulations and guidelines. Their responsibilities include pre-use inspections, communicating effectively, and monitoring the surrounding environment during lifting operations.
23. What is the minimum recommended distance that is allowed between the counterweight(s) of the crane and another object/structure?
The minimum recommended distance between the crane's counterweight(s) and another object/structure depends on various factors such as the crane's capacity, configuration, and the specific lifting operation. Please refer to the crane's manufacturer guidelines, relevant industry standards, and consult with a qualified engineer or crane specialist for the appropriate minimum distance requirement. Safety should always be a priority when determining the distance between the crane's counterweight(s) and other objects/structures.
24. State the safe procedure to be followed before lifting or lowering a load down a shaft or excavation.
Before lifting or lowering a load down a shaft or excavation, follow these safe procedures:
1. Conduct a thorough site inspection to ensure the area is stable and free from hazards.
2. Verify the load capacity of the crane and ensure it is suitable for the intended lift.
3. Plan the lift, considering factors like load weight, dimensions, and height requirements.
4. Ensure the shaft or excavation is properly secured and can support the load.
5. Use appropriate rigging equipment and perform a pre-lift inspection.
6. Communicate clearly with the crane operator and signal person throughout the lift.
7. Execute the lift slowly and smoothly, maintaining control at all times.
8. Once the load is safely lowered, perform a post-lift inspection.
25. How long is a thorough examination for a lifting accessory valid for?
A thorough examination for a lifting accessory is valid for a maximum of 12 months.
26. Name a design of accessory hook that is exempt from being fitted with a safety catch.
A design of accessory hook that is exempt from being fitted with a safety catch is a ball bearing swivel hook.
27. Identify FOUR requirements for ensuring the stability of mobile cranes on site.
Four requirements for ensuring the stability of mobile cranes on site are:
1. Level ground: Ensure the ground is even and flat to provide a stable foundation for the crane.
2. Proper outrigger setup: Set up the crane's outriggers according to the manufacturer's instructions to maximize stability.
3. Use of counterweights: Correctly position counterweights to offset the crane's load and maintain stability during lifting operations.
4. Regular inspections: Conduct regular inspections of the crane to identify any potential stability issues and address them promptly.
28. What is the maximum angle that a bow shackle used as a pair on a crane hook can be used at?
The maximum angle that a bow shackle used as a pair on a crane hook can be used at is typically limited to 45 degrees. Beyond this angle, the working load limit of the shackle is reduced significantly. It is important to consult the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for the specific shackle being used, as they may have a recommended maximum angle. Additionally, a qualified lifting operations supervisor should assess the lifting operation and ensure that all safety measures are followed.
29. What are the THREE actions or stages that a crane operator undertakes during pre-use inspections?
During pre-use inspections, a crane operator typically undertakes three actions or stages:
1. Visual inspection: visually assessing the crane for any obvious faults or damage.
2. Functional checks: ensuring that all controls, safety devices, and mechanisms are working properly.
3. Documentation: completing necessary forms or checklists to record the inspection and highlight any issues found. It is crucial for crane operators to conduct thorough pre-use inspections to identify any potential risks and ensure the safe operation of the crane.
30. Name TWO duties of the crane operator.
Two duties of a crane operator are operating the crane safely and efficiently and following specific lifting instructions and signals provided by a qualified supervisor or signaler.
31. What is the definition of, or how can a hazard be described?
A hazard can be defined as anything that has the potential to cause harm or injury, either to people or property. Hazards can be classified into different categories such as physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychological. To describe a hazard, you need to identify its nature, location, and potential consequences. It's important to assess hazards regularly, employ control measures, and communicate them effectively to ensure safety on construction sites. Hazard identification and risk assessment play a crucial role in maintaining a safe working environment.
32. What do The Work at Height Regulations require of crane supervisors?
The Work at Height Regulations require crane supervisors to have suitable training, knowledge, and experience to safely oversee and manage lifting operations. They should ensure that lifting plans are in place, and relevant information and instructions are communicated to crane operators and other personnel involved. Further responsibilities include assessing risks, monitoring lifting operations, and taking appropriate measures to control hazards. It is crucial for crane supervisors to have a good understanding of safety procedures, equipment limitations, and relevant legislation, and to actively promote a culture of safety and compliance on site.
33. Define the term 'radius'.
In the context of crane or lifting operations, the term 'radius' refers to the distance from the center of the crane's slewing base to the outer edge of its working area. It represents the maximum horizontal distance that the crane's load can be lifted and moved. The radius is an important consideration when planning and executing lifting operations, as it affects the crane's capacity, stability, and reach. It is typically measured in meters or feet, depending on the unit of measurement used.
34. Name FOUR items that must be recorded when a thorough examination on a lifting appliance has been carried out.
When conducting a thorough examination on a lifting appliance, the following four items must be recorded:
1. Date of the examination,
2. Details of the lifting appliance, such as its make, model, and serial number,
3. Any defects or faults identified during the examination, and
4. Name and signature of the person who carried out the examination. These records are important for documenting compliance with health and safety regulations and for tracking maintenance and repairs of the lifting appliance.
35. If radios are to be used during the lifting operations, what FIVE actions and checks must be made before use?
1. Ensure that all personnel operating radios during lifting operations are properly trained and competent.
2. Check that the radios are in good working condition and have sufficient battery power.
3. Confirm clear communication channels and frequencies with all involved parties.
4. Establish a clear and concise procedure for radio communication during lifting operations.
5. Conduct a radio communication test to ensure proper functioning and clarity of communication between all parties involved.
36. Explain the difference between an employing and user organisation.
An employing organisation is the one that directly hires and employs the crane/lifting operations supervisor. They have the responsibility to provide a safe working environment and ensure that the necessary training and certifications are in place. On the other hand, a user organisation is the one that utilizes the services of the crane/lifting operations supervisor but does not directly employ them. They need to coordinate with the employing organisation to ensure that the necessary qualifications and competence of the supervisor are in line with their requirements.
37. In which applications are single-leg slings rated with their SWL (WLL)?
Single-leg slings with their SWL (WLL) rating are commonly used for various lifting applications. These include hoisting loads such as steel beams, machinery, equipment, and other heavy objects in construction, manufacturing, and industrial settings. Single-leg slings can be particularly useful when there is limited access or space constraints that do not allow for the use of multi-leg slings. It is important to ensure that the single-leg sling is properly selected, inspected, and used according to the manufacturer's guidelines and applicable industry regulations to maintain safety during lifting operations.
38. How does the deflection of the boom on a mobile crane or jib affect the lift?
The deflection of the boom on a mobile crane or jib can have several effects on the lift operation. Firstly, it can reduce the overall capacity of the crane as deflection increases the stress on the boom. Secondly, it can affect the stability of the crane, especially when lifting heavy loads or operating in windy conditions. Thirdly, it can impact the accuracy and precision of the lift, potentially making it more difficult to position and place the load accurately. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor and minimize boom deflection to ensure safe and efficient lifting operations.
39. Two cranes are working in the same vicinity that encroach the operating radius of each. What actions would the lift plan or method statement normally specify?
The lift plan or method statement would typically specify actions to prevent the encroachment of cranes within each other's operating radius. It may include measures such as establishing exclusion zones, clear communication between crane operators, and coordination of movements. Other factors to consider are the use of signaling systems, situational awareness of potential hazards, and adherence to safe working practices. The plan should also outline procedures for suspending crane operations in case of high winds or other adverse conditions. Regular monitoring and review of the plan's effectiveness are essential for continuous improvement.
40. A tower crane has been delivered to site, assembled and configured for lifting. What must be carried out before lifting starts and by whom?
Before lifting starts, a thorough inspection must be done. This is usually carried out by a competent person such as a crane/lifting operations supervisor or a appointed specialist. The inspection involves checking the crane, its attachments, lifting equipment, and the lifting area for any faults, defects, or potential hazards. The purpose is to ensure that everything is in safe working condition and that all necessary precautions have been taken. This inspection is crucial to identify any issues that could compromise the safety of the lifting operation.
41. a) On a tower crane, where must the load radius diagram be located and b) what information must it contain?
a) The load radius diagram on a tower crane must be located prominently in the crane's cab for easy reference.
b) The load radius diagram must contain essential information, such as the various radius positions at which the crane can safely lift and lower loads, the corresponding maximum load capacity for each radius, any special restrictions or precautions, and relevant safety information. It should also include the crane's specifications and load charts for different boom lengths and configurations.
42. Where should the crane's Operator's Manual be kept and why?
The crane's Operator's Manual should be kept in the crane's cab. This ensures that the manual is easily accessible to the crane operator during their work. It provides important guidance and instructions on the safe operation of the crane, including its controls, maintenance, and emergency procedures. Having the manual readily available helps the operator reference information quickly if needed, promoting safe and efficient crane operations on-site.
43. State the maximum recommended angle for single-leg slings when used as a pair.
The maximum recommended angle for single-leg slings when used as a pair is 120 degrees.
44. When a crane company hires out a crane, name TWO main legal requirements the hire company must meet regarding the crane and driver.
The crane hire company must meet the legal requirement of ensuring the crane is safe and in good working condition. This includes regular inspections, maintenance, and relevant certifications. Additionally, the hire company must ensure that the crane is operated by a competent and qualified driver who holds the required licenses and qualifications for operating the specific type of crane.
45. What does The Health and Safety at Work Act require employers to do with regards specifically to plant?
The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to ensure that plant, including cranes, is safe to use, properly maintained, and suitable for the task at hand. Employers must also provide suitable training and instruction on the safe operation of plant and ensure that only competent workers use it. Additionally, employers are required to carry out regular inspections and risk assessments to identify and control any potential hazards associated with plant use. It is essential that employers comply with relevant health and safety regulations to protect the well-being of their workers and others affected by their work.
46. If a crane is out of level, what effect will it have on the radius?
If a crane is out of level, the effect on the radius will depend on the direction of the tilt. If the crane is leaning towards the load, it will reduce the effective radius, making it shorter. Conversely, if the crane is leaning away from the load, it will increase the effective radius, making it longer. It is important to ensure that the crane is level to maintain accurate and safe lifting operations.
47. Name THREE ways in which an operator can minimise their impact upon the environment whilst using a crane.
Operators can minimize their impact on the environment while using a crane by:
1. Using the appropriate size of crane to avoid overuse of energy and resources.
2. Opting for cleaner and more fuel-efficient crane models to reduce emissions.
3. Implementing proper maintenance and inspection procedures to ensure optimal performance, reducing the risk of leaks or spills that can harm the environment.
48. a) What determines the minimum distances that any part of plant and machinery has to be kept from over head electricity lines and b) explain why a distance should be kept.
a) The minimum distances that plant and machinery must be kept from overhead electricity lines are determined by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) guidance. The guidance takes into account factors such as the voltage of the lines, the type of plant and machinery being used, and the nature of the work being carried out.
b) A distance should be kept between plant and machinery and overhead electricity lines to minimize the risk of electrocution or damage to both people and equipment. Contact with overhead electricity lines can result in serious injury or death due to electric shock, and can also lead to power outages and damage to the electricity network. Adhering to the minimum distances helps to ensure the safety of workers and the proper functioning of the electricity supply.
49. Why must a crane driver never try and 'drag' a load?
A crane driver must never try to "drag" a load because it puts excessive stress on the crane, potentially causing structural damage or even a collapse. Lifting heavy loads requires precise lifting and lowering motions, not dragging. Dragging can also increase the risk of load swinging or slipping, which poses a safety hazard to workers nearby. It's crucial for crane drivers to follow proper lifting procedures and avoid attempting to drag loads to maintain safety and protect the integrity of the equipment.
50. Which part of BS 7121 is specific to mobile cranes?
Part 3 of BS 7121 is specific to mobile cranes.
51. Who has overall control of the lifting operation?
The overall control of a lifting operation lies with the crane/lifting operations supervisor. They are responsible for ensuring that the operation is executed safely and in accordance with relevant regulations and industry best practices. The supervisor coordinates and communicates with the lifting team, monitors the lifting equipment, and manages any potential risks or hazards. Their role is crucial for maintaining safety and efficiency during lifting operations.
52. What is the difference between a contract lift and a 'standard' crane hire?
The main difference between a contract lift and 'standard' crane hire is in the level of responsibility for the lifting operation. In a contract lift, the crane hire company takes full responsibility for planning, executing, and supervising the lift, including providing an appointed person and supervision team. In 'standard' crane hire, the customer takes responsibility for planning, supervising, and executing the lift, and must have their own appointed person. Contract lifts offer a more comprehensive service, ensuring compliance with health and safety regulations and providing peace of mind. Ultimately, the choice depends on the customer's level of expertise and desired level of responsibility.
53. During the lifting operation, part of the task cannot be carried out as detailed in the lift plan. a) What initially must happen to the lifting operation and b) who authorises any changes?
a) If part of the lifting operation cannot be carried out as planned, the operation must stop immediately to ensure safety. It is crucial to assess the situation and identify why the task cannot be completed. This will key in determining the next course of action.
b) Any changes or modifications to the lifting operation must be authorised by a competent person responsible for overseeing the lifting operations. This person should have adequate knowledge and experience in crane operations. Their authorization is necessary to ensure that any changes made do not compromise safety and are viable alternatives to the original plan.
54. A replacement crane driver has been supplied to continue the lift. What must they be made aware of before further lifting can take place?
The replacement crane driver must be made aware of the specific lifting requirements and parameters, including the maximum load capacity of the crane, any restrictions or limitations in the lifting area, and the necessary safety precautions to be followed. It is important to ensure that the replacement driver is familiar with the crane control systems and understands proper signaling and communication methods. Any changes in lifting plans or procedures should also be communicated to the replacement driver. Finally, safety procedures and emergency protocols should be reviewed to ensure the driver is prepared for any unforeseen circumstances.
55. Name FIVE requirements that must be followed if accessing the end of the jib for maintenance purposes.
1. Ensure the crane is fully controlled and locked out to prevent accidental movement.
2. Use appropriate access equipment like ladders, scaffolding, or platforms to safely reach the end of the jib.
3. Ensure that the access route to the jib's end is clear of any obstructions or hazards.
4. Verify the stability and condition of the access equipment before using it for maintenance work.
5. Follow proper personal protective equipment (PPE) protocols, such as wearing a safety harness, helmet, and non-slip footwear, while working at the end of the jib.
56. Who is responsible for providing the contractor with written details of the work to be done?
The client or the main contractor is responsible for providing the necessary written details of the work to be done. This includes specifying the scope, requirements, and any other relevant information. Clarity and accuracy in the specifications are crucial in ensuring the work is carried out correctly and safely. The written details should be communicated to the contractor in a clear and efficient manner, enabling them to plan and execute the work accordingly. It is important to establish effective communication channels between the client/main contractor and the contractor to ensure smooth project execution.
57. According to BS 7121 Part 1: a) what is the minimum number of allowable turns on the hoist drum and b) who decides the actual minimum for a given model of crane?
(a) The minimum number of allowable turns on the hoist drum is not specified in BS 7121 Part 1.
58. What THREE main duties of The Health and Safety at Work Act must employees follow?
Employees must follow three main duties under The Health and Safety at Work Act: (1. Take reasonable care of their own health and safety, as well as that of others who may be affected by their actions or omissions. (2. Co-operate with their employer and other relevant parties in managing health and safety in the workplace. (3. Inform their employer or supervisor of any work-related situation that poses a significant risk to health and safety.
59. What is the 'Factor of Safety' when lifting personnel?
The factor of safety when lifting personnel varies depending on the applicable regulations and industry standards. It typically ranges from 3 to 5, meaning the lifting capacity of the equipment should be three to five times the total weight of the personnel being lifted. This factor accounts for potential dynamic loads, environmental conditions, and other safety considerations. It is crucial to follow the specific guidelines provided by relevant authorities and consult with qualified professionals to ensure the safe lifting of personnel.
60. What is the meaning of this hand signal (being demonstrated by the Tester)?
The hand signal demonstrated by the tester is for suspending, raising, or lowering the load. It indicates the start or stop of the operation, as well as any necessary changes in direction or speed. Familiarize yourself with the relevant industry guidance, such as the Health and Safety Executive's Crane Safety Manual, for more detailed information on hand signals and their meanings in crane lifting operations. Remember, safety is paramount and proper training is essential for all personnel involved in crane operations.
61. To lift a load of 12 tonnes on a two-point lift using single-leg slings, what is the required SWL (WLL) for each sling with an included angle of 87 degrees? Please explain your calculation.
To calculate the required Safe Working Load (SWL) or Working Load Limit (WLL) for each sling, we need to take into account the included angle and load weight.
The formula to calculate the SWL is:
SWL = Load Weight / (2 * sin(Θ/2.)
Where Θ is the included angle.
Using this formula:
SWL = 12 tonnes / (2 * sin(87/2.)
SWL = 12 tonnes / (2 * sin(43.5.)
Now, I'll use a calculator to find the sine of 43.5 degrees.
The sine of 43.5 degrees is approximately 0.682
Now, I'll substitute this value into the equation.
SWL = 12 tonnes / (2 * 0.682.
The SWL for each sling is approximately 8.81 tonnes.
62. List FOUR items to be found on a chain sling inspection certificate.
The four items found on a chain sling inspection certificate typically include:
1. Date of inspection,
2. Identification/serial number of the chain sling,
3. Condition assessment, indicating any defects or damage found,
4. Signature and name of the person who conducted the inspection.
63. If the operator has to leave the cab of a crane for a short period, state at least TWO actions that must be taken before they leave.
Before leaving the cab of a crane, the operator must first engage the crane's parking brake to prevent any unintended movement. Additionally, they should ensure that the load is properly secured or lowered to a safe position, depending on the circumstances. It is crucial to follow these precautions to maintain safety and prevent accidents.
64. Give TWO methods of obtaining the centre of gravity on an unbalanced load.
There are two methods to determine the center of gravity on an unbalanced load:
1. The Equal-arm Balance method involves suspending the load from two points and adjusting the positions of the suspension points until the load remains balanced. The position where the load remains balanced is the center of gravity.
2. The Plumb Line method uses a plumb line or a string with a weight attached. You hang the string alongside the load, allowing the weight to settle freely. The point where the string aligns vertically with the load indicates the center of gravity.
65. Why is it important to ensure the wheels are clear of the ground when outriggers are employed?
It is important to ensure that the wheels are clear of the ground when outriggers are employed in order to provide stability and prevent the crane from overturning. By lifting the wheels off the ground, the weight of the crane is transferred to the outriggers, which increases the stability of the crane. This is necessary because the outriggers are specially designed to distribute the load to a larger area and provide a secure base. Lifting the wheels off the ground also prevents the crane from moving, as mobility can be dangerous during lifting operations. Overall, it is crucial for safety and stability reasons.
66. If a mobile crane on blocked duties is slewing through 180 degrees and is unladen, what can cause a change of ground loading in each stabiliser.
A change in ground loading on each stabilizer of a mobile crane on blocked duties, while slewing through 180 degrees and unladen, can be caused by factors such as uneven ground, variations in ground conditions, or the position and distribution of the stabilizer pads. Uneven ground can cause one stabilizer to bear more weight than the others. Differences in ground conditions, such as soil density or moisture content, can also affect the loading on each stabilizer. The position and distribution of the stabilizer pads can impact the load distribution as well. It's important to assess and address these factors to ensure safe crane operations.
67. a) When and b) why are axle or suspension locks fitted to most mobile cranes?
a) Axle or suspension locks are fitted to most mobile cranes to prevent any movement or rotation of the crane while it is being lifted or moved.
b) The locks are fitted to ensure stability and safety during lifting operations. They prevent any unintended movement caused by uneven ground, wind, or other external factors, reducing the risk of accidents and damage to the crane or the load being lifted.
68. Describe how to calculate the area of support beneath a crane outrigger, which gives maximum possible safeguards against ground subsidence.
To calculate the area of support beneath a crane outrigger, you need to know the maximum allowable ground pressure for the crane and the soil conditions. The formula to calculate the area is: Area of Support = Crane Load ÷ Maximum Allowable Ground Pressure. Ensure you consider the worst-case scenario for the crane load and obtain accurate information about the maximum allowable ground pressure from the crane manufacturer or a geotechnical engineer. Also, conduct a thorough assessment of the soil conditions, including its bearing capacity and potential for subsidence, to determine if any additional measures are necessary to prevent ground failure.