1. State SIX environmental factors that can affect an external lifting operation.
1. Weather conditions: Wind, rain, snow, or extreme temperatures can impact lifting operations by affecting the stability of the load, visibility, or the condition of the lifting equipment.
2. Ground conditions: Unstable or uneven ground can pose a risk during lifting operations. Factors such as soft soil, slopes, or obstructions can affect the stability and safety of the operation.
3. Surrounding structures: Proximity to buildings, trees, or other structures can affect the space available for the lifting operation and pose potential hazards if the load comes into contact with them.
4. Access routes: Limited access, narrow roads, or congested areas can impact the planning and execution of the lifting operation, potentially causing delays or safety issues.
5. Traffic: Nearby traffic can pose a risk to the safety of the operation, especially when lifting equipment needs to occupy or cross public roads.
6. Environmental restrictions: Local environmental regulations or restrictions may affect the use of certain lifting equipment or require additional precautions to minimize the impact on nearby habitats or sensitive areas.
2. The area of mat size has been correctly specified for use with the outriggers of a mobile crane and the intended load and operating radius but the pad is not stiff or rigid enough (e.g. it is too thin). Explain the possible consequence.
If the pad beneath the outriggers of a mobile crane is not stiff or rigid enough, the possible consequence could be that it sinks or shifts during lifting operations. This could cause the crane to become unstable, leading to accidents such as tipping over or the load being dropped unexpectedly. It is crucial to ensure that the pad is of appropriate thickness and strength to provide a stable and secure base for the outriggers to support the crane's lifting operations.
3. Name THREE factors that determine the rated working capacity of lifting equipment.
The three factors that determine the rated working capacity of lifting equipment are: maximum load that the equipment can physically support, the stability of the equipment under load conditions, and the maximum load that the equipment can safely handle within its design limits.
4. a) State the legislation and the regulation therein that refers to the stability of cranes and b) which regulation states the requirement for all lifting operations to be properly planned?
a) The legislation that refers to the stability of cranes is the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER). Regulation 8 of LOLER specifically deals with the stability of cranes, requiring that they are stable before being used.
b) The regulation that states the requirement for all lifting operations to be properly planned is also Regulation 8 of LOLER. This regulation states that every lifting operation must be thoroughly planned, taking into account any risks involved and the necessary precautions to be taken. It also requires that the plan for the lifting operation is clear and communicated to all relevant personnel.
5. In what circumstances would aviation warning lighting be required to high-type lifting equipment?
Aviation warning lighting is typically required for high-type lifting equipment when it is used in close proximity to airports, helipads, or other aviation facilities. These lights help to ensure the visibility and safety of the equipment, highlighting its presence to aircraft and minimizing the risk of accidents or collisions. It is important to consult with local aviation authorities and regulations to determine the specific requirements for your location and circumstances.
6. If an object has to be dismantled above ground level to be lifted to ground level (and can't be returned to the original position), what factor of safety should be applied?
When dismantling an object above ground level for lifting to ground level, a factor of safety should be applied. The specific factor of safety depends on various factors such as the type and condition of the object, lifting equipment, and the lifting method. Generally, it is recommended to consult relevant industry standards and guidelines, such as the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) and British Standards (BS), for specific requirements and recommended factors of safety for different scenarios. A competent person, like a qualified and experienced appointed person, should assess the situation and determine the appropriate factor of safety.
7. Identify FOUR requirements for ensuring the stability of any wheeled mobile lifting equipment on site.
To ensure stability of wheeled mobile lifting equipment on site, there are four key requirements:
1. Proper Set Up: Ensure the equipment is placed on a level and stable surface, and that any outriggers or stabilizers are deployed as required.
2. Secure Positioning: Secure the equipment with wheel chocks or other methods to prevent movement during lifting operations.
3. Adequate Load Distribution: Ensure the load is distributed evenly on the lifting equipment and within its rated capacity to maintain stability.
4. Regular Inspections: Regularly inspect the equipment for any signs of damage or wear that could compromise stability, and address any issues promptly.
Remember, stability is crucial to ensure safe lifting operations.
8. When planning a lifting operation to place loads below ground level, what needs to be taken into account when calculating the gross weight of the load?
When calculating the gross weight of a load for lifting operations below ground level, the following factors need to be considered: the weight of the load itself, any additional equipment used such as slings or hooks, the weight of any lifting accessories attached to the load, the weight of any lifting beams or spreader beams used, the weight of any rigging equipment, and any attachments or fixtures that may affect the total weight. It is important to take into account all these factors to ensure safe and effective lifting operations.
9. Using the given lifting capacity diagram for the JCB 535/125 telescopic handler using a hook (A61): a) what is the maximum lifting capacity? b) what is the maximum lifting capacity when free on wheels (FoW) c) what is the maximum hook height where a load can be lifted d) what is the maximum lifting capacity when the hook is at a height of 8m and the boom at an angle of 45degrees?
10. Identify 4 types of infrastructure where a responsible body or owner would have to be notified when planning a lift on or near by.
When planning a lift on or near infrastructure, the responsible body or owner would need to be notified in the following cases:
1. Buildings or structures, such as bridges or towers, that may be affected by the lift;
2. Highways or roads that could be impacted by the lifting operation;
3. Utilities, such as gas or electricity lines, that could be affected;
4. Railways or train tracks that require precautions during the lift. It is crucial to inform the relevant parties to ensure safety and minimize disruptions.
11. Why is it recommended to complete a report after the completion of the lifting operation?
Completing a report after a lifting operation is recommended for several reasons. Firstly, it provides a record of the operation, including any incidents, near misses, or damages that occurred, which can be used for future reference and learning. Secondly, it helps to identify any potential improvements or modifications that can be made to the lifting operation for increased safety and efficiency. Lastly, the report serves as evidence of compliance with health and safety regulations, demonstrating that the lifting operation was carried out in a responsible and professional manner. Overall, completing a report enhances accountability, improves safety, and facilitates continuous improvement.
12. a) What is the 'Factor of Safety' when lifting personnel and b) what needs to be taken into account with wind speeds?
a) The factor of safety for lifting personnel is typically set at 10. This means that the ultimate load capacity of the lifting equipment should be at least ten times greater than the total weight being lifted, considering the weight of both the personnel and any equipment involved.
b) Wind speeds need to be carefully considered when lifting operations are being conducted. The wind speeds should be within the safe limits specified by the equipment manufacturer, taking into account factors such as the type of equipment being used, the load being lifted, and the height of the lift. High wind speeds can affect the stability and safety of the lifting operation and may require the operation to be postponed or halted.
13. On a mobile-type crane, in what situation can the crane lift a single load using both the main and fly hook blocks?
The main and fly hook blocks are used together on a mobile crane when a load needs to be lifted with reduced radius or when increased lifting capacity is necessary. This configuration allows the crane to utilize both sets of hooks simultaneously to achieve the desired lifting capability or radius. It is important to ensure that the crane's load chart and manufacturer's instructions are followed in order to carry out such lifting operations safely and efficiently.
14. Who has overall control of the lifting operation?
The appointed person is responsible for overall control of the lifting operation, ensuring compliance with legislation and safety requirements. They coordinate activities, assess risks, and make decisions regarding equipment, procedures, and personnel. Their role is crucial in ensuring that lifting operations are conducted safely and efficiently.
15. According to BS 7121 part 2- 1, what are the types of warning that an RCI will indicate, and at what point are they activated?
Under BS 7121 part 2-1, an RCI (Rated Capacity Indicator) may provide warnings including overload, overload imminent, and load moment. These warnings are activated when the crane's load, or its moment or capacity, approaches or exceeds its safe operating limits. It's crucial for the Appointed Person overseeing lifting operations to monitor these warnings and take immediate action if activated to prevent accidents and maintain safety. Remember to consult the specific crane's manufacturer guidelines as well for detailed information on its RCI system and warnings.
16. Who is responsible for providing the contractor with written details of the work to be done?
The client or main contractor is responsible for providing the contractor with written details of the work to be done.
17. What is the definition of a competent person as stated by Codes of Practice?
The codes of practice define a competent person in lifting operations as someone who possesses the necessary knowledge, experience, and skills to undertake their duties safely and effectively. This individual should be capable of recognizing and managing potential hazards and risks associated with lifting operations.
18. Name FOUR factors should be taken into account when calculating the effects of wind on a crane-based lifting operation
Four factors that should be considered when calculating the effects of wind on a crane-based lifting operation include: (1. Wind speed and direction, (2. Crane boom length and configuration, (3. Weight and size of the load being lifted, and (4. Crane stability and counterweight. These factors impact the safe operation of the crane by affecting its stability, load capacity, and the potential for wind-induced oscillations or tipping. It is important to regularly assess and monitor these factors during lifting operations to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment.
19. How should multiple accessories be connected to a crane hook?
Multiple accessories should not be connected to a crane hook simultaneously. Each accessory should be attached individually to maintain proper weight distribution and prevent overload. The use of multiple accessories can compromise the stability and safety of the lifting operation. It is recommended to consult the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for the specific crane and accessories being used, ensuring compliance with relevant health and safety regulations. A competent person should be involved in planning and supervising the lifting operation to ensure safe practices are followed.
20. List TWO methods of obtaining the accurate weight of a load.
The accurate weight of a load can be obtained by using two methods:
1. Weighing the load with a calibrated weighing scale.
2. Consultation of load documentation, such as delivery notes or technical specifications, which may include the weight details.
21. Where would the information relating to the additional requirements of an intermediate lift over a basic lift be sought?
For additional requirements of an intermediate lift over a basic lift, you should consult the relevant industry guidelines and regulations. Look into the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998 and the accompanying Approved Code of Practice (ACOP). Additionally, you may find useful information from the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (CDM) 2015, specifically regarding the duties of the Appointed Person. Always ensure compliance with these regulations to ensure safe and efficient lifting operations.
22. What advantage is gained by increasing the number of falls on a hook block?
Increasing the number of falls on a hook block can increase the lifting capacity of a crane. More falls distribute the load among multiple lines, reducing the strain on each line and increasing the overall capacity. However, increasing the number of falls also reduces the lifting speed and can complicate the rigging process. It is essential to consider the load weight, rigging requirements, and crane specifications before deciding on the number of falls on a hook block. A qualified Appointed Person can provide guidance and ensure compliance with safety regulations and lifting operations standards.
23. Explain why MUST there be a safe system of work.
A safe system of work for lifting operations is crucial to prevent accidents and ensure the well-being of workers. It minimizes risks by providing clear guidelines and procedures, ensuring that workers are properly trained and competent. It helps identify potential hazards, plan and organize lifting activities effectively, and ensure that appropriate equipment is used. A safe system of work also promotes communication and coordination among team members, fostering a safe working environment. Ultimately, it reduces the likelihood of injuries, damage to property, and legal liabilities, while maintaining productivity and completing tasks efficiently.
24. Name TWO duties of the crane operator.
Two duties of the crane operator during lifting operations are:
1. Safely operating the crane, ensuring all movements are controlled, smooth, and precise.
2. Adhering to the lifting plan, including following the signals provided by the appointed person or banksman and staying within the safe working load (SWL) limits of the crane.
25. When a crane company hires out a crane, name TWO main legal requirements the hire company must meet regarding the crane and driver.
The hire company must ensure that the crane and driver comply with the necessary legal requirements, such as obtaining the required licenses and certifications. Additionally, the hire company must ensure that thorough inspections and maintenance are carried out on the crane to ensure its safety and compliance with regulations.
26. Name the FOUR stages of the hierarchy of control for the marshalling of mobile lifting equipment.
The four stages of the hierarchy of control for marshalling mobile lifting equipment are:
1. Elimination - remove the need for mobile lifting equipment, if possible.
2. Substitution - use alternative methods or equipment that eliminate or reduce the need for mobile lifting equipment.
3. Engineering controls - implement physical changes to the environment or equipment to minimize risks associated with mobile lifting operations.
4. Administrative controls - implement policies, procedures, and training to ensure safe and efficient use of mobile lifting equipment.
27. Name a design of accessory hook that is exempt from being fitted with a safety catch.
A common design of accessory hook that is exempt from a safety catch is the "C hook" or "S hook". These hooks are typically used for light-duty lifting operations and are not required to have a safety catch. It's important to note that the use of such hooks should comply with relevant regulations and industry best practices to ensure safety. Always consult appropriate guidelines and consider the specific requirements of your lifting operation.
28. Define the term 'radius'
In the context of lifting operations, the term 'radius' generally refers to the distance between the center of a lifting device (such as a crane or hoist) and the load being lifted. The radius is important because it determines the moment or force applied to the lifting equipment, which affects its capacity and stability. A longer radius can increase the load capacity, but it may also reduce the stability of the lifting equipment. It is crucial to calculate and consider the radius when planning and executing lifting operations to ensure safe and efficient lifting.
29. Which part of BS 7121 is specific to mobile cranes?
Part 3 of BS 7121 is specific to mobile cranes.
30. State the maximum recommended angle for single-leg slings when used as a pair.
The maximum recommended angle for single-leg slings, when used as a pair, is generally around 60 degrees. It is important to follow the manufacturer's guidelines and consider the specific load and equipment being used to ensure safe lifting operations.
31. How long is a thorough examination for a lifting accessory valid for?
A thorough examination for a lifting accessory is valid for 12 months, as specified in the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998. Regular examinations are crucial to ensure the safe use of lifting accessories and comply with legal requirements. It is important to keep accurate records of these examinations to demonstrate compliance and track the condition of your equipment.
32. Outline THREE principle requirements for out-of service procedures for tower cranes.
The three principle requirements for out-of service procedures for tower cranes are:
1. Safe isolation: Ensure all power supplies are disconnected and lockout/tagout procedures are followed.
2. Secure the crane: Follow manufacturer's instructions to safely secure the crane to prevent movement.
3. Notification: Clearly communicate the status of the crane being out of service to all relevant personnel to avoid any confusion or misuse.
33. Outline the role of the Temporary Works Co-ordinator.
The Temporary Works Coordinator is responsible for overseeing the management of temporary structures and works within a construction project. Their role is to ensure that temporary works are designed, installed, and maintained correctly, in order to provide a safe working environment. They coordinate with designers, contractors, and supervisors to implement appropriate temporary works procedures. The coordinator also ensures that relevant documentation, such as method statements and permits, are in place. They assess risks, provide guidance, and monitor compliance with safety standards. Overall, their focus is on managing the temporary structures and works to prevent accidents and ensure safety.
34. What does The Health and Safety at Work Act require employers to do with regards specifically to plant?
The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to provide and maintain a safe working environment, including the use of appropriate plant and equipment. Employers must ensure that plant and equipment are suitable, properly maintained, and used correctly. They must also provide necessary information, instruction, training, and supervision for employees using this plant. Additionally, employers should assess and manage the risks associated with the use of plant, and have procedures in place for the safe operation, inspection, and maintenance of the plant. Compliance with relevant regulations and codes of practice is vital.
35. Name THREE markings found on multiple-leg slings.
Three markings commonly found on multiple-leg slings are the Working Load Limit (WLL), the identification tag, and the length or size markings. The WLL indicates the maximum load the sling is designed to safely lift. The identification tag provides information such as the manufacturer, type of sling, and any special instructions or limitations. The length or size markings indicate the length or size of the sling, which is important for proper identification and selection.
36. Name FOUR factors relating to ground that a ground engineer would need to take into account when determining the load bearing capacity of ground.
When determining the load bearing capacity of ground, a ground engineer should consider four factors:
1. Soil type: Different soil types have varying load-bearing capacities. Clay soils, for example, have a lower capacity than granular soils.
2. Moisture content: The moisture content of the ground affects its strength. Saturated or very dry ground may have reduced load-bearing capacity.
3. Compaction: Properly compacted ground can increase its load-bearing capacity. Uncompacted or poorly compacted ground may be weaker.
4. Existing structures: Nearby structures can influence the load-bearing capacity of the ground. Their foundations and any underground elements must be taken into account.
These factors are critical in assessing the suitability of the ground for lifting operations.
37. If a load of 20 tonnes is lifted on four falls of rope, what is the tension in each fall?
To determine the tension in each fall, divide the total load of 20 tonnes by the number of falls, which is four. This means that each fall would have a tension of 5 tonnes.
38. To whom should the appointed person give all details involving the lifting operation?
The appointed person should provide all details regarding the lifting operation to the relevant personnel involved, such as the crane operator, the riggers, and the site supervisor. It is important to ensure clear communication and coordination between all parties to minimize the risk of accidents and ensure the safe and efficient execution of the lifting operation.
39. Explain the difference between an employing and user organisation.
An employing organisation is the entity that hires and employs workers directly. They are responsible for managing the employment relationship and ensuring that workers are properly trained and supervised.
A user organisation, on the other hand, is the entity that engages the services of the employing organisation to carry out specific lifting operations. The user organisation may not have direct control over the workers, but they have a duty to provide information and cooperation to ensure that the lifting operations are carried out safely and in accordance with legal requirements.
In summary, the employing organisation employs the workers, while the user organisation engages their services for specific lifting operations.
40. Define the term 'outreach'.
In the context of lifting operations, outreach refers to the horizontal distance between the center of a lifting machine or crane and the outermost edge of its lifting capability. It is a measure of how far the machine can reach to lift or move loads. The outreach can vary depending on the specific lifting equipment being used and its configuration.
41. State the safe procedure to be followed before lifting or lowering a load down a shaft or excavation.
Before lifting or lowering a load down a shaft or excavation, the appointed person should follow these safe procedures:
1. Conduct a thorough risk assessment of the area to identify potential hazards and determine appropriate control measures.
2. Ensure the shaft or excavation is structurally sound and can support the load being lifted or lowered.
3. Use appropriate lifting equipment and ensure it is in good working condition.
4. Securely attach the load to the lifting equipment using suitable lifting slings or attachments.
5. Communicate effectively with all personnel involved in the operation.
6. Regularly inspect the lifting equipment and surrounding area for any signs of damage or instability.
7. Follow industry regulations, standards, and guidelines for safe lifting operations.
42. What does the term 'structural strength' relate to with regard to the lifting capacity of any lifting equipment?
The term 'structural strength' refers to the ability of the lifting equipment's components, such as hooks, chains, or cables, to withstand the forces applied during lifting operations. It ensures that the equipment can safely support and lift the load without any risk of failure or collapse. Regular inspections, including thorough examination of the equipment and its components, are crucial to assess and maintain its structural strength. Understanding the weight limits and load capacities specified by the manufacturer is also important to ensure safe and efficient lifting operations.
43. a) What is the recommended minimum exclusion zone around overhead power lines, b) where can this information be sourced and c) explain why a distance from overhead power lines should be kept.
a) The recommended minimum exclusion zone around overhead power lines is typically 5 meters for up to 1kV lines and 10 meters for lines exceeding 1kV.
b) This information can be sourced from various places, including industry guidelines such as HSE publications and Health and Safety Executive's website.
c) A distance from overhead power lines should be kept to ensure the safety of workers and prevent accidents. Proximity to power lines can pose a risk of electric shock or even electrocution, making it crucial to maintain a safe distance to minimize the potential for accidents and injuries.
44. Name TWO possible penalties for not following legal requirements when using carrying out lifting operations.
The potential penalties for not adhering to legal requirements during lifting operations include:
1. Financial penalties - Non-compliance can result in fines imposed by regulatory authorities or through legal proceedings.
2. Prosecution and imprisonment - Serious breaches of legal requirements may lead to criminal charges, which could result in imprisonment. It is essential to follow the necessary regulations and ensure safe lifting operations to avoid such penalties and uphold worker safety.
45. State ONE difference between a regulation and a Code of Practice.
A regulation is a legally binding requirement set by a relevant authority, whereas a Code of Practice is a set of guidelines and recommendations that provide practical guidance on how to achieve compliance with regulations. Regulations have legal consequences if not followed, while Codes of Practice are not legally binding but can be used as evidence in court.
46. How does the guidance in LOLER 1998 (L113) describe the difference between installed and positioned?
The guidance in LOLER 1998 (L113. states that "installed" refers to machinery and equipment being assembled and made ready for use in a specific location, whereas "positioned" means placing items in a desired position for use. The guidance emphasizes that both installing and positioning should be done accurately and securely to ensure the safety of lifting operations. It is essential to follow the specific requirements and guidance provided in LOLER 1998 (L113. to prevent accidents and maintain a safe working environment.
47. Name the sections in BS 7121 where advice is given on 'Lifting without outriggers' and 'Pick and carry'.
In BS 7121, advice on 'Lifting without outriggers' can be found in Section
3.10.3. 'Pick and carry' is covered in Section 5.6. Please refer to the relevant sections for detailed guidance on these topics.
48. When planning a lift for a lorry loader activity and where it is adjacent to a slope, what is regarded as the minimum distance to be kept from a sloped edge?
The minimum distance to be kept from a sloped edge during a lift for a lorry loader activity depends on various factors, such as the gradient of the slope, the load being lifted, and the stability of the ground. It is best to consult the guidance provided in the industry-recognized document, the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER), for specific requirements. Additionally, it is important to involve a competent person, such as an appointed person, to assess the lift and determine the appropriate distance to maintain from the sloped edge during the operation.
49. Using the lifting capacity diagram for A59C: a) if the machine is equipped with a 2.5 m long dipper, what is the maximum lifting capacity in tonnes at a 6 m radius/reach over the sides of the track with the load at 3 m height b) in principle, if a longer dipper is fitted, what effect does that have on the lifting capacity (assuming same size bucket and machine configuration)?
50. How is the SWL/WLL/rated capacity for multi-legs slings determined?
The SWL/WLL/rated capacity for multi-leg slings is determined by considering the individual safe working load (SWL) of each leg and the angle between the legs during lifting operations. The total SWL is calculated based on a formula that takes into account the number of legs, the SWL of each leg, and the angle factor. Manufacturers provide tables with angle factors and SWLs for different configurations. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and ensure that the total load does not exceed the rated capacity of the slings when using multi-leg slings.
51. Why must a lifting equipment operator never try and 'drag' a load?
A lifting equipment operator must never "drag" a load because it can jeopardize safety. Dragging a load can cause instability, leading to accidents or material damage. It's essential to follow proper lifting procedures, using appropriate lifting techniques and equipment. Dragging a load can strain the lifting equipment beyond its capacity, resulting in equipment failure and potential injuries. Always adhere to safe practices, including lifting and securing loads correctly to prevent accidents and maintain a safe working environment.
52. What is the main aim of the HASWA 1974?
The main aim of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA) 1974 is to protect workers from workplace hazards and ensure their health, safety, and welfare. It places a legal duty on employers to provide a safe and healthy working environment, and requires them to assess and manage risks, provide information and training, and involve employees in health and safety matters. The Act also outlines the responsibilities of employees to cooperate with their employers to maintain a safe work environment.
53. What are the THREE key fundamental aspects that need considering when preparing a design for any temporary works design/structure?
When preparing a design for temporary works, three key aspects to consider are stability, adequacy, and suitability. Stability refers to ensuring that the temporary works design is stable and won't collapse or fail. Adequacy means that the design must be strong enough to withstand the loads and forces it will be subjected to. Suitability involves making sure that the design is appropriate for its intended purpose and can safely fulfill its intended function. These three aspects are crucial to ensuring that temporary works designs are safe and fit for purpose in construction projects.
54. Give TWO methods of obtaining the centre of gravity on an unbalanced load.
Two methods of obtaining the centre of gravity on an unbalanced load are:
1. Using a plumb line or string to find the vertical line passing through the load's centre, and marking the point where it intersects with the ground.
2. Using a spirit level or electronic inclinometer to measure the angle of the load, and then calculating the centre of gravity based on the known dimensions and weight distribution.
55. Give THREE examples of how excessive rain can affect an external lifting operation when using lifting equipment.
Excessive rain can affect external lifting operations when using lifting equipment in the following ways:
1. Reduced visibility: Heavy rainfall can limit the visibility of operators and spotters, increasing the risk of accidents and injuries. It becomes harder to accurately assess the equipment's position and potential hazards.
2. Slippery surfaces: Wet and muddy ground caused by excessive rain can make the lifting area unsafe. The slippery surfaces can compromise the stability of the equipment, leading to potential loss of control or accidents.
3. Increased load weight: Rainwater can be absorbed by materials being lifted, especially absorbent materials like wood or fabric, making them heavier and potentially exceeding the equipment's lifting capacity. This can cause damage to equipment or result in a dropped load.
It's crucial to monitor weather conditions and take appropriate precautions to mitigate these risks.
56. To lift a load of 20 tonnes on a 4 single leg chain sling, what is the required SWL (WLL) for each leg with an included angle of 87 degrees? Please explain your calculation.
To calculate the required Safe Working Load (SWL) for each leg of a 4 single leg chain sling with an included angle of 87 degrees, you can use the formula:
SWL per leg = Load / (2 * sin (angle/2.)
Substituting the values:
SWL per leg = 20 tonnes / (2 * sin (87/2.)
Calculating:
SWL per leg ≈ 20 tonnes / (2 * 0.569)
SWL per leg ≈ 17.6 tonnes
Therefore, the required SWL for each leg of the chain sling is approximately 17.6 tonnes.
57. Name THREE factors to be taken into account when devising a mobile lifting equipment marshalling plan.
When devising a mobile lifting equipment marshaling plan, three factors that need to be considered are:
1. Site conditions: Assess the terrain, available space, and any potential obstacles or hazards that may affect the movement of the equipment. This includes ensuring the ground is stable and suitable for the equipment's load capacity.
2. Equipment specifications: Evaluate the type, weight, and dimensions of the lifting equipment to determine the necessary access routes and suitable positioning areas. Ensure the equipment is fit for purpose and has the required certifications and inspections.
3. Personnel and communication: Establish clear lines of communication between the lifting operations team, site staff, and equipment operators. Appoint competent personnel to carry out the marshaling duties, ensuring they have the necessary training and knowledge to coordinate the safe movement of the equipment.
These three factors are crucial for the effective planning and execution of mobile lifting operations.
58. List FOUR items of information that must be included on a temporary works register.
Four items of information that must be included on a temporary works register are:
1. The temporary works design brief, including the proposed method of construction.
2. The name and contact details of the temporary works designer.
3. The name and contact details of the contractor responsible for the temporary works.
4. Any design assumptions or calculations relevant to the temporary works.
59. On both tracked and wheeled 360 degree excavators: a) what differs between lifting over the side of the machine compared to lifting over the front or the rear of the machine? b) Explain why.
a) When lifting over the side of a 360-degree excavator, the machine's stability can be compromised due to the uneven weight distribution. Lifting over the front or rear provides a more stable and balanced lifting operation.
b) Lifting over the side of the machine can cause the excavator to be less stable and more susceptible to tipping over. The weight distribution is off-centered, increasing the risk of accidents. Lifting over the front or rear of the machine ensures a more even weight distribution, maintaining stability and reducing the likelihood of accidents.
60. During de-rigging operations, what factor of safety is applied to the load?
The factor of safety applied to the load during de-rigging operations is typically determined by national regulations and industry standards. In the UK, the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) require a minimum factor of safety of 5:1 for lifting equipment and accessories, including the load. However, it's important to consult the specific project requirements and any relevant guidance or codes of practice to ensure compliance and best practice.
61. Name FOUR items that must be recorded when a thorough examination on a lifting appliance has been carried out.
When conducting a thorough examination on a lifting appliance, it is essential to record the following four items:
1. Date of the examination, which indicates when the inspection was performed.
2. Name and address of the person or company conducting the examination, providing identification of the responsible party.
3. Details of the lifting appliance, such as its type, make, model, and serial number, enabling identification of the specific equipment.
4. Results of the examination, including any defects identified and actions taken, ensuring a comprehensive record of the inspection findings. These details help in maintaining a proper maintenance and safety record.
62. a) State the regulation number for the lifting of persons under LOLER 1998 and b) list FIVE requirements to be within a procedure.
a) The regulation number for the lifting of persons under LOLER 1998 is Regulation 19.
b) The requirements for a lifting procedure under LOLER 1998 include:
1. Assessing and planning the lift, considering factors like load, environment, and equipment.
2. Selecting competent personnel to operate the lifting equipment.
3. Inspecting and maintaining the lifting equipment regularly.
4. Providing adequate training and supervision to those involved in the lifting operation.
5. Ensuring that the lifting operation is carried out safely, with proper communication and coordination.
63. Name THREE possible effects that fatigue can have on a lifting team
1. Decreased alertness and reaction time: Fatigue can impair a lifting team's ability to quickly respond to unexpected situations, increasing the risk of accidents and injuries during lifting operations.
2. Poor judgement and decision-making: Fatigue can cloud a team's judgement, leading to errors in assessing risks, estimating loads, and making critical decisions during lifting operations.
3. Reduced physical strength and coordination: Fatigue can weaken the muscles and reduce coordination, potentially affecting a team's ability to safely lift and handle heavy loads, increasing the likelihood of accidents and equipment failure.
64. Two items of lifting equipment are working in the same vicinity that encroach the operating radius of each. What actions should the lift plan or method statement normally specify?
The lift plan or method statement should specify the actions for when two items of lifting equipment are working in the same vicinity that encroach the operating radius of each other. This may include clear communication protocols between the operators, ensuring that there is a safe distance between the equipment, implementing safe zones or exclusion areas, and providing clear instructions on how to coordinate the lifting operations to minimize the risk of collisions or accidents. The plan should also detail any additional safety measures that may be required, such as the use of barriers or warning signals.
65. In which applications are single-leg slings rated with their own SWL (WLL)?
Single-leg slings are typically rated with their own Safe Working Load (SWL) in applications where the slinging angle is within the recommended range. This includes lifting operations where the sling is used vertically or at a near-vertical angle. However, it is important to consult the manufacturer's guidelines and industry standards for specific instructions and limitations regarding the use of single-leg slings in different applications.
66. Who is responsible for compiling all necessary documentation when lifting in close proximity to a site boundary? E.g. protection fans?
The appointed person is responsible for compiling all necessary documentation when lifting in close proximity to a site boundary. This includes documentation such as risk assessments, method statements, and lifting plans. They ensure that the appropriate measures are in place to protect the site boundary and nearby areas during lifting operations, such as protection fans. The appointed person's role includes overseeing the safe planning and execution of lifting operations, considering potential hazards and implementing suitable controls to mitigate risks.
67. a) What is the minimum recommended distance that is allowed between the counterweight(s) of any lifting equipment and an object/structure and b) what measure must be taken if the distance is less?
a) The minimum recommended distance between the counterweight(s) of any lifting equipment and an object/structure should be determined by a competent person following the manufacturer's guidelines and industry best practices.
b) If the distance between the counterweight(s) and an object/structure is less than the minimum recommended, measures such as adjusting the lifting equipment's position, using additional counterweights, or providing physical barriers may need to be implemented to ensure safe lifting operations.
68. Name SIX principle factors should be taken into account in relation to fatigue management of a lifting operation.
The six principle factors that should be considered for fatigue management in a lifting operation include:
1. Working hours: Establish and adhere to appropriate working times to prevent excessive fatigue.
2. Shift patterns: Design shift patterns that minimize the risk of fatigue by incorporating regular breaks and rest periods.
3. Adequate rest periods: Ensure workers have enough time to rest and recover between shifts to avoid exhaustion.
4. Health and well-being: Promote a healthy lifestyle and provide support for workers' physical and mental well-being.
5. Training and awareness: Educate workers about the signs of fatigue and the importance of managing it effectively.
6. Risk assessments: Conduct regular risk assessments to identify potential hazards and implement measures to mitigate fatigue-related risks.
69. If planning to lift loads in or near a pedestrianised area, what main factor needs to be taken into account?
The main factor to consider when lifting loads in or near a pedestrianised area is the safety of pedestrians. Ensuring their protection and minimizing the risk of accidents is paramount. Factors such as crowd control, clear signage, and proper communication are critical for safe lifting operations. Additionally, identifying and implementing measures to restrict public access to the lifting area during operations is essential. Adhering to relevant regulations and working closely with local authorities will help address potential issues and maintain a safe working environment.
70. A change of crane/lifting equipment operator is required. What must they be made aware of before continuing?
The new crane/lifting equipment operator must be made aware of the equipment's specifications, safe operating procedures, and any specific site requirements. Additionally, they need to be briefed on the lifting plan, including load weights, lift locations, and any potential hazards. They should also receive any relevant training or certification for operating the specific equipment. Communication with the appointed person overseeing the lifting operations is crucial to ensure a seamless transition and the safe execution of lifting tasks.
71. How could the deflection of a boom or jib on a mobile-type crane affect a lift?
The deflection of a boom or jib on a mobile crane can compromise the stability and safety of a lift. Excessive deflection can cause the load to become unstable, increase the risk of tipping over, and put personnel at risk. It's important to ensure that the boom or jib is properly supported and within acceptable operating limits to maintain the crane's stability and prevent accidents. Regular inspections and maintenance are vital to identify and address any issues with the boom or jib deflection to ensure safe lifting operations.
72. A platform is being used to receive lifted loads of materials. What primary procedure must be in place to ensure that the platform being used is suitable and sufficient to hold the weight of the load?
The primary procedure is to conduct a thorough inspection and assessment of the platform's load-bearing capacity. This should be done by a competent person using appropriate methods, like load calculations or manufacturer specifications. The platform must be robust enough to support the weight of the load, ensuring it does not exceed its maximum safe working load. Regular maintenance checks should also be carried out to ensure ongoing suitability.
73. If a crane is out of level, what effect will it have on the radius?
If a crane is not level, it can affect the radius of the operation. When the crane is out of level, it can cause the boom to tilt and change the angle at which it reaches the load. This can result in a shorter or longer radius depending on the direction of the tilt. It's important to ensure that the crane is properly levelled to maintain the desired radius and ensure safe lifting operations.
74. State THREE occasions on which lifting equipment must be thoroughly examined.
Lifting equipment should be thoroughly examined:
1. Prior to its initial use, to ensure it is safe for operation and in compliance with regulations.
2. Following any significant modification or repair work, to verify that it remains safe and meets the required standards.
3. At appropriate intervals determined by a competent person, based on factors such as usage, conditions, and manufacturers' recommendations, to ensure ongoing safety and proper functioning. Regular inspections are crucial to prevent accidents and maintain a safe working environment.
75. Describe FOUR factors that need to be taken into account when specifying communication procedures for a lifting operation.
When specifying communication procedures for a lifting operation, it is important to consider four factors:
1. Clear and concise communication: Ensure that communication is straightforward and easily understood by all involved parties to avoid confusion or misunderstandings.
2. Appropriate methods of communication: Use methods that suit the specific lifting operation, such as hand signals, two-way radios, or visual aids, to facilitate effective communication in different scenarios.
3. Communication hierarchy: Establish a clear chain of command for communication, ensuring that messages reach the relevant personnel in a timely manner and that everyone understands their roles and responsibilities.
4. Contingency plans: Plan for potential communication disruptions or emergencies by having backup communication methods in place and ensuring that all personnel are aware of these alternatives.
Consider these factors to ensure effective communication during lifting operations, promoting safety and efficiency.
76. a) Where would the duty board of a tower crane normally be located and b) name FOUR types of information that it must contain
a) The duty board of a tower crane is typically located near the base of the crane, within easy visibility and access for those operating or working around the crane.
b) Four types of information that the duty board should contain include:
1. the name and contact details of the appointed person responsible for the lifting operations,
2. the crane's safe working load and other relevant load charts and diagrams,
3. the crane maintenance and inspection records, and
4. any special instructions or limitations specific to the crane's operation.
77. If radios are to be used during the lifting operations, what FIVE actions and checks must be made before use?
Before using radios during lifting operations, the following five actions and checks must be made:
1. Verify that the radios are in proper working condition and fully charged.
2. Ensure that the radios are set to the correct channel and frequencies for communication.
3. Check that the radios have been properly programmed with the required settings.
4. Confirm that all personnel involved in the lifting operations have been trained in radio communication procedures.
5. Conduct a radio range test to ensure that the radios can effectively communicate with each other within the required distance.
78. Explain the purpose of the over-hoist limit switch.
The purpose of the over-hoist limit switch is to prevent the hoisting system from raising the load beyond a safe level. It is a safety feature that activates when the load exceeds the predetermined limit and automatically cuts off the power or stops the hoisting operation. This helps prevent overloading and potential accident or damage. The over-hoist limit switch helps maintain safe lifting operations and protects both personnel and equipment.